Through cation exchange capacity assay, nitrogen adsorption−desorption surface area measurements, scanning electron microscopic imaging, infrared spectra and elemental analyses, we characterized biochar materials produced from cornstover under two different pyrolysis conditions, fast at 450 °C gasification 700 °C. Our experimental results showed that the (CEC) of fast-pyrolytic char is about twice as high well a standard soil sample. The CEC values correlate with increase in ratios oxygen...

Smokeless biomass pyrolysis for biochar and biofuel production is a possible arsenal global carbon capture sequestration at gigatons of (GtC) scales. The United States can annually harvest over 1.3 Gt (gigaton) dry biomass. Use the smokeless (clean efficient) biomass-pyrolysis technology would enable to converts its harvestable products equivalent 325 million tons stable plus significant amount biofuels including syngas bio-oils. Currently, world could more than 6.5 GtC y−1 be converted...

During biochar production, a number of pyrolysis intermediates recondense on the surface where potentially they may play an interesting role in soil and freshwater environments. This study investigated sources water-soluble organic compounds (WSOC) as function biomass materials including cellulose lignin also temperature from 300 to 500 °C relation their potential toxicity blue-green algae, Synechococcus. The amount WSOC extracted biochar, irrespective starting material, decreased...

Application of biochar as a soil amendment could be significant approach for carbon sequestration to possibly control climate change energy and environmental sustainability. However, more studies are needed in number research areas, including the development clean materials free any harmful substances, before this implemented at global scale. In study, water-extractable substances were tested their potential effects on growth aquatic photosynthetic microorganisms both blue–green alga...

Biochar has gained significant interest worldwide for its potential use as both a carbon sequestration technique and soil amendment. Recently, research shown that pinewood-derived biochar water extracts inhibited the growth of aquatic photosynthetic microorganisms, prokaryotic eukaryotic algae, while chicken litter- peanut shell-derived showed no inhibition. With electrodialysis, extract is separated into 3 fractions (anode-isolated, center chamber retained, cathode-isolated substances) all...

Biochar cation exchange capacity (CEC) is a key property central to better retention of soil nutrients and reduction fertilizer runoff. This paper reports breakthrough process improve biochar CEC value by factor nearly 10 through surface oxygenation ozonization. The the untreated was measured be anywhere between 14 17 cmol/kg. A 90 min dry ozonization treatment resulted in an increased 109–152 Simultaneously, pH from 9.82 as low 3.07, indicating formation oxygen-functional groups including...

Two-dimensional vectorial arrays of functional Photosystem I reaction centers have been prepared on atomically flat derivatized gold surfaces. The nature and extent orientation were controlled by chemical modification the surface derivative. For mercaptoacetic acid, 83% electron transport vectors parallel to surface, whereas with 2-mercaptoethanol 70% oriented perpendicularly in ``up'' position only 2% ``down'' position. No preferential was observed 2-dimethylaminoethanethiol.

Biochar cation exchange capacity (CEC) is a key property that central to biochar environmental applications including the retention of soil nutrients in amendment and removal certain pollutants water-filtration applications. This study reports an innovative biochar-ozonization process dramatically increases CEC value biochars by factor 2. The ozonized also show great improvement on adsorption methylene blue as much about 5. In this study, samples treated with without ozone were analyzed...

Abstract Transmembrane electrostatically localized protons (TELP) theory has been recently recognized as an important addition over the classic Mitchell’s chemiosmosis; thus, proton motive force (pmf) is largely contributed from TELP near membrane. As extension to this theory, a novel phenomenon of mitochondrial thermotrophic function now characterized by biophysical analyses pmf in relation concentrations at liquid-membrane interface. This leads conclusion that oxidative phosphorylation...

The increasing anthropogenic CO2 emissions and possible global warming have challenged the United States other countries to find new better ways meet world's needs for energy while, at same time, reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This study explores possibility of using ammonium bicarbonate (NH4HCO3) formation by ammonia carbonation in phase achieve reduction from industrial flue gas. Experimental results obtained this demonstrate that removal flue-gas can be achieved via solid NH4HCO3...

Photosystem I (PS I) reaction centers are nanometer-size robust supramolecular structures that can be isolated and purified from green plants. Using the technique of Kelvin force probe microscopy, we report here first measurement exogenous photovoltages generated single PS in a heterostructure composed I, organosulfur molecules, atomically flat gold. Illumination was achieved with diode laser at λ = 670 nm. Data sets consisting 22 individual Is measured entirely under illumination, 12...

In Mitchell's chemiosmotic theory, membrane potential Δψ was given as the electric difference across membrane. However, its physical origin for not well explained. Using Lee proton electrostatic localization model with a newly formulated equation protonic motive force (pmf) that takes electrostatically localized protons into account, has now been better understood voltage contributed by surface charge density ([HL+]+∑i=1n[MLi+]) at liquid-membrane interface in an...

Abstract For decades, it was not entirely clear why mitochondria develop cristae? The work employing the transmembrane-electrostatic proton localization theory reported here has now provided a answer to this fundamental question. Surprisingly, transmembrane-electrostatically localized concentration at curved mitochondrial crista tip can be significantly higher than that relatively flat membrane plane regions where proton-pumping respiratory supercomplexes are situated. biological...

A study of the photocatalytic production molecular hydrogen from platinized photosystem I (PSI) reaction centers is reported. At pH 7 and room temperature metallic platinum was photoprecipitated at reducing end PSI according to reaction, [PtCl6]2- + 4e- hv-->Pt decreases 6Cl-, where it interacted with photogenerated electrons catalyzed evolution hydrogen. The mixture included purified spinach centers, sodium ascorbate plastocyanin. Experimental data on real-time catalytic formation as...