Culex pipiens s.s./Culex torrentium belong to the most widespread mosquito taxa in Europe and are main vectors of Sindbis, West Nile Usutu virus. The adult overwintering females can act as reservoir for these arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses), thus contributing their local persistence when transmission cycles interrupted during winter. However, sites Cx. unknown. In a study from 2017, 3455 s.s./Cx. specimens were collected abandoned animal burrows Poznan, Poland. These retrospectively...

Although understanding the relationship between reproductive mode and mass-dispersal potential of plants is crucial for studying invasion phenomena, morphological features invasive species’ pollen are not well understood. This study examined morphology variability three Reynoutria (knotweed) taxa ( R. japonica , sachalinensis × bohemica) in Europe, their reaction to different habitat conditions within seven distinguished types. The was sourced from 95 sites taxa’s range Central Europe. In...

<title>Abstract</title> The Spearman rank correlation coefficient is a non-parametric (distribution-free) statistic proposed by Charles as measure of the strength relationship between two variables. It monotonic that used when distribution data makes Pearson's undesirable or misleading. not linear assesses how well an arbitrary function can describe variables, without making any assumptions about frequency Unlike product-moment (linear) coefficient, it does require assumption variables...

Some biological differences between native and alien plants are relevant to their dispersal mechanisms. One of them is the fruiting period: it shifted in time, peaking later than natives. Here we report case study showing temporal distance phenology seed via carnivorous mammals. From 2009 2011, scats badgers Meles meles , foxes Vulpes vulpes martens Martes spp. ( M. martes foina ) possibly also raccoon dogs Nyctereutes procyonoides (N = 820) were collected along transects totaling 30.4 km...

Dispersal distance and burial mode of acorns are two the most important characteristics in renewal processes oaks that result from food hoarding ecology Eurasian Jay Garrulus glandarius. To obtain dispersal to locate precisely caches with scattered we used radio-tracked transmitters flexible 13 cm long sticking out antennae injected into drilled acorns. From mid-September mid-October Pedunculate Oak Quercus robur were mixed untagged exhibited on five feeders distributed each other at a least...

Invasive plants directly and indirectly disrupt the ecosystem functioning, of which indirect effects, for example, through trophic cascades, are particularly difficult to predict. It is frequently assumed that impact an invading species on proportional (linearly related) its density or abundance in a habitat, but this assumption has rarely been tested. We hypothesised richness potentially pollinators wet meadows change as result invasion steeplebush Spiraea tomentosa these changes shrub....

Due to the threat posed by spread of invasive plant species, there is an urgent need develop effective methods eradicating and managing their biomass. The aim study was examine selected plants in terms use for energy purposes find out whether they can be a raw material production second-generation biofuels. First, chemical compositions were determined. higher heating value (HHV) lower (LHV) also calculated. High values value, ranging from 18.490 MJ∙kg−1 19.900 MJ∙kg−1, indicate possibility...

Needle traits of P. sylvestris exhibit high variability depending on habitat conditions and thus may be used to assess the effect anthropopressure tree condition in this species. The 22 needle features Scots pine, collected from populations growing at different distances Bełżec-Podlesina eolian sand mine located Poland, was investigated. No similar research has been conducted date. needles were 40 trees four study plots a distance 205.281 997.598 m mine. In total, 3460 117 samples measured....

The introduction of alien species can have a significant impact on the food preferences native phytophagous insects. moth Earias clorana L. has previously been considered to be monophagous, ingesting only plants in genus Salix. In recent years, we observed larval E. feeding Spiraea tomentosa L., an invasive shrub Central Europe that is North America. We hypothesised this insect feed leaves with no negative effects its growth and development, as source for are equally good Salix viminalis Our...

Abstract Reports on the location of badger setts generally focussed woodland habitats and paid little attention to open areas. There was a negative correlation between number in landscape proportion forest cover with an inflection point at 25–35%. A higher is observed when below point. The results from dominance these low availability that permanent aspect behaviour not short‐term trend.

The forest environment is considered to be more resistant penetration by alien plant species than other terrestrial environments, which generally are significantly modified humans. A major environmental threat vegetation posed that capable of spontaneous expansion in natural or semi-natural communities, and above all forests. This paper presents a naturalization scale vascular plants forests Poland, based on knowledge classified as naturalized elements the Polish flora. Using research...

The Spearman rank correlation coefficient is a non-parametric (distribution-free) statistic proposed by Charles as measure of the strength relationship between two variables. It monotonic that used when distribution data makes Pearson&amp;#039;s undesirable or misleading. not linear assesses how well an arbitrary function can describe variables, without making any assumptions about frequency Unlike product-moment (linear) coefficient, it does require assumption variables linear, nor be...

The aim of this study was to investigate the pollen morphology and ranges intraspecific interindividual variability North American steeplebush-Spiraea tomentosa L., an invasive species in Poland. Steeplebush inflorescences were collected randomly from 30 localities S. In total, 900 grains analysed with both a light scanning electron microscope. Nine quantitative three qualitative features studied. diagnostic were: exine ornamentation (size direction muri), operculum perforation size. For...

Abstract The Turkey oak ( Quercus cerris L.), the natural range of which embraces southern Europe and Asia Minor, belongs to trees rarely introduced into Polish forests. Tree stands where it appears, established before Second World War, can be found in some 20 localities, mostly western part country. Because this species is capable a renewal woodland environment, research was made find what conditions how far undergoes spontaneous naturalisation. Three study sites were chosen forests central...

Jays usually store acorns at separate sites, but in some cases a part of jay's caches consists more than one acorn. Storing separately (scatter hoarding) or clusters (larder seems to be an important factor for further survival seeds and seedlings. Scatter hoarding is favorable jays, what would happen if jays prepared consisting acorn? We put following question: the importance impact acorn concentration per cache seedlings' mortality their growth characteristics? In 2013 experimental plot was...

To date, the effect of habitat conditions on characteristics pollen has not been extensively investigated; however, it needs to be remembered that may highly significant for quality their generative reproduction success. It was decided conduct analyses Convallaria majalis as a common species, naturally found in many different forest habitats. Moreover, investigations covered morphology and first time also variability grains this species. The plant material came from 98 natural sites located...

Mast-seeding is widely considered to be an adaptation that minimizes seed predation. The superabundance of seeds during mast years greatly exceeds the capacity predators consume them. These notions were based on research food specialists such as insects and rodents. However, mast-seeding may have different impact behavior corvids are generalists. Eurasian Jay Garrulus glandarius a widespread scatter-hoarding corvid uses acorns reserve for winter. In mast-years, birds supposed satiated by...

In 2013 we surveyed 116 plots under electricity pylons and reference plots. The basal areas of were 6 m2, 21 m2 or 32 m2. Plots had higher total numbers species than plots, with grassland as an exception. Herbaceous occurring exclusively within pylon more numerous those in (with the exception grassland). Pylon also a Shannon's diversity index (H′) herbaceous plant species, again Species number H′ increased increasing plot area among cereal maize fields. A different trend was recorded...

1. Burrows are specific structures created by animals, characterised conditions different from those in the surrounding environment. Therefore, burrows may play a role for many other animals than their owners. To test this view, we have chosen of red foxes Vulpes vulpes and badgers Meles meles , two main burrow dwellers among medium‐sized carnivores Europe. 2. The aim study was to show importance carnivore mammals' invertebrates. However, contrast previously published results concerning...

The shrub Spiraea tomentosa is native to North America and has been domesticated in Europe, where it now considered an invasive species. aim of this study was determine the locations current suitable climatic niches for estimate future spatial changes their using ecological niche modelling tools. Model results showed that S. large potential natural secondary ranges, much larger than range estimated presence data only. modelled distribution included areas with a relatively humid climate...

Vegetation cover has been consistently reported to be a factor influencing soil biota. Massive spreading of invasive plants may transform native plant communities, changing the quality habitats as result modification properties, most often having directional effect on microorganisms and fauna. One numerous microarthropods in litter is Acari. It shown that usually have negative mites. We hypothesized Spiraea tomentosa affects structure Uropodina community abundance species richness are lower...