Abstract Nongenetic inheritance is a potentially important but poorly understood factor in population responses to rapid environmental change. Accumulating evidence indicates that nongenetic influences diverse array of traits all organisms and can allow for the transmission environmentally induced phenotypic changes (‘acquired traits’), as well spontaneously arising highly mutable variants. We review models adaptation changing environments under assumption broadened model incorporates...

Mothers in a range of taxa manipulate the phenotype their offspring response to environmental change order maximize own fitness. Most studies have focused on changes mean offspring. Focusing phenotypes is appropriate for species which mothers are likely successfully predict environment will experience, but what happens when offspring's unpredictable? Theory suggests that face uncertainty regarding environment, they should increase within-clutch variation (i.e. bet hedge). While comparative...

Sperm competition has classically been thought to maintain anisogamy (large eggs and smaller sperm) because males are maximize their chance of winning fertilizations by trading sperm size for number. More recently it recognized that quality (e.g., size, velocity) can also influence competition, although studies have yielded conflicting results. Because sex evolved in the sea, debate continued over role environment determining both egg externally fertilizing broadcast spawners. Remarkably,...

The ability of females to adaptively influence offspring phenotype via maternal effects is widely acknowledged, but corresponding nongenetic paternal remain unexplored. Males can adjust sperm in response local conditions, the transgenerational consequences this plasticity are unknown. We manipulated density a broadcast spawner ( Styela plicata , solitary ascidean) using methods shown previously alter field, then conducted vitro fertilizations that excluded and estimated performance under...

Summary Increased protein intake by adults typically enhances reproduction and shortens life, but much less is known about the effects of prior to reproductive maturity. In particular, it remains unclear whether dietary mediates a trade‐off between survival development traits, especially in males. We used nutritional geometry approach investigate 25 replicated larval diets varying carbohydrate content on performance adult male morphology neriid fly Telostylinus angusticollis . found that...

Abstract Diet is a key lifestyle component that influences metabolic health through several factors, including total energy intake and macronutrient composition. While the impact of caloric on gene expression physiological phenomena in various tissues well described, influence dietary composition these parameters less studied. Here, we use Nutritional Geometry framework to investigate role function regulation adipose tissue. Using ten isocaloric diets vary systematically their proportion...

Metamorphosis is thought to provide an adaptive decoupling between traits specialized for each life‐history stage in species with complex life cycles. However, increasing number of studies are finding that larval can carry‐over influence postmetamorphic performance, suggesting these stages may not be free evolve independently other. We used a phenotypic selection framework compare the relative and interactive effects size, time hatching, settlement on survival growth marine invertebrate,...

Newly discovered non-genetic mechanisms break the link between genes and inheritance, thereby also raising possibility that previous mating partners could influence traits in offspring sired by subsequent males mate with same female ('telegony'). In fly Telostylinus angusticollis, transmit their environmentally acquired condition via paternal effects on body size. We manipulated male condition, mated females to two high or low a fully crossed design. Although second large majority of...

Abstract While it has been recognized for many years that parental condition can influence offspring performance, recent research on adaptive effects focused primarily anticipatory effects, whereby parents adjust the phenotype of their anticipated environment. Here, we make case transfer is a widespread and important type effect, endeavour to clarify how such should be interpreted studied. Some authors have suggested condition‐transfer result simply from resource limitation constraints...

Abstract Paternal diet can influence the phenotype of next generation, yet, dietary components inducing specific responses in offspring are not identified. Here, we use Nutritional Geometry Framework to determine effects pre-conception paternal macronutrient balance on metabolic and behavioral traits mice. Ten isocaloric diets varying relative proportion protein, fats, carbohydrates fed male mice prior mating. Dams standard chow never exposed treatment diets. Body fat female is positively...

1. The sublethal impact of parasites on host behaviour and the mechanism linking them to population level effects remain largely unquantified. On Great Barrier Reef, juvenile gnathiid isopods (mobile ectoparasites) are one most common ectoparasites fishes. Previous laboratory studies damselfishes suggest that a single can kill settlement-stage larvae very young juveniles, while repeated attacks affect growth damselfish. Nothing, however, is known how gnathiids performance, survival...

Abstract Objective Exposure in utero to maternal diet can program offspring health and susceptibility disease. Using C57BL6/JArc mice, we investigated how dietary protein carbohydrate balance influences male female appetite metabolic health. Methods Dams were placed on either a low‐protein (LP) or high‐protein (HP) diet. Male food choice experiment post weaning then constrained standard Western Food intake, body weight, composition measured, various tests performed at different timepoints....

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) dissipates energy as heat, not only under cold exposure but also in the dissipation of excess ingested energy. Therefore, enhancing BAT activity is a potential avenue to combat weight gain. Dietary macronutrient composition influences size and has recently been shown influence daughters through patriline C57BL/6J mice. However, effects any paternal on function have yet be characterised. Using Geometric Framework for Nutrition, we investigated proteome male mice...

Sperm are the most diverse cell type known: varying not only among- and within- species, but also within-ejaculates of a single male. Recently, causes consequences variability in sperm phenotypes have received much attention, importance within-ejaculate remains largely unknown. Correlative evidence suggests that reduced variation phenotype increases male's fertilization success competitive conditions; transgenerational remain relatively unexplored. Here we examine relationship between...

Abstract Restriction of nutrients in the adult diet extends lifespan across a diverse range species, but less is known about long-term effects developmental dietary restriction. In particular, it not whether influenced by caloric restriction or macronutrient balance. We used nutritional geometry approach to independently manipulate protein and carbohydrate contents larval neriid fly, Telostylinus angusticollis, measured lifespan. found that male female was shortest when larvae were fed...

Summary Although the ecological and evolutionary importance of environmentally induced parental effects is now widely recognized, such are still typically studied by contrasting just two environments in a single sex. Yet, should generally be viewed as reaction norms, more complete understanding their role therefore requires examining continuously varying interacting environmental variables both sexes. We used nutritional geometry to investigate linear, nonlinear interactive protein...