Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) is a new species of the Circovirus genus, which has recently been associated with different clinical syndromes. Its presence reported in countries North and South America, Asia also Europe (Poland). However, from other continents, no European PCV3 sequence currently available public databases. There strong need epidemiological data full-genome sequences because its relevance understanding molecular epidemiology control. To fill this lack information, samples...

Despite the fact that vaccine resistance has been typically considered a rare phenomenon, some episodes of failure have reported with increasing frequency in intensively-raised livestock. Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is widespread avian coronavirus, whose control relies mainly on extensive administration. Unfortunately, continuous emergence new vaccine-immunity escaping variants prompts development vaccines. In present work, molecular epidemiology study was performed to evaluate...

Since the identification of species Porcine circovirus 2, relevance genus Circovirus has increased given its impact on swine industry. A new ( 3, PCV-3) been detected in association with various clinical conditions. Consequently, there is an urgent need for reliable and widely accessible tests both routine diagnostic research purposes. We developed a direct PCR (requiring no DNA extraction) quantitative (q)PCR targeting conserved rep gene to detect PCV-3 genome. Test performance was assessed...

Abstract The identification of a new circovirus ( Porcine 3, PCV‐3) has raised remarkable concern because some analogies with 2 (PCV‐2). Preliminary results suggest an extremely recent PCV‐3 emergence and high mutation rate. Retrospective studies prove its circulation at least since the early 1990s, revealing that could have been infecting pigs for even longer period. Therefore, evaluation, based on updated collection sequences spanning more than 20 years, is performed using phylodynamic...

Avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) has been identified as an important cause of respiratory and reproductive disease, leading to significant productive losses worldwide. Different subtypes have found circulate in different regions, with aMPV-A B posing a burden especially the Old World, aMPV-C North America, albeit limited exceptions marginal economic relevance. Recently, both aMPV-B reported U.S.; however, route introduction not investigated. In present study, potential importation pathways...

Wild birds sampled in Italy tested for aMPV detection and characterization.aMPV-B found the first time a wintering Northern shoveler.Close phylogenetic relationship with aMPV-B strains circulating Italian poultry.

Immunosuppressive diseases, such as chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV), pose a major threat to livestock farming due reduced disease resistance, poor vaccine response, and overall productivity. CIAV, recognized globally for decades, shows significant genetic diversity, but its implications remain underexplored. This study analyzed over 1,000 VP1 sequences examined CIAV's epidemiology, evolution, spread with various phylodynamic phylogeographic approaches. Findings suggest that CIAV...

Avian Metapneumovirus (aMPV) has been recognized as a respiratory pathogen of turkey and chickens for long time. Recently, crescent awareness aMPV, especially subtype B, clinical economic impact risen among European researchers veterinarians. Nevertheless, the knowledge its epidemiology evolution is still limited. In present study, broadest available collection partial G gene sequences obtained from aMPV-B strains was analyzed using different phylodynamic biostatistical approaches to...

Bovine coronavirus (BoCV) is an important pathogen of cattle, causing severe enteric disease and playing a role in the bovine respiratory complex. Similar to other coronaviruses, remarkable variability characterizes both its genome biology. Despite their potential relevance, different aspects evolution BoCV remain elusive. The present study reconstructs history using phylodynamic approach based on complete spike protein sequences. results demonstrate high mutation recombination rates...

Recent insights into the genetic and antigenic variability of avian metapneumovirus (aMPV), including discovery two new subtypes, have renewed interest in this virus. aMPV causes a well-known respiratory disease poultry. Domestic species show different susceptibility to whereas sporadic detections wild birds revealed links between epidemiology migration routes. To explore species, molecular survey was conducted on samples that were collected from during influenza surveillance activity Italy....

Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is a ubiquitous immunosuppressive pathogen which severe burden to the poultry industry. Due frequent mutation and reassortment events, its double-stranded, bi-segmented RNA genome displays considerable heterogeneity, in turn produces profound differences antigenicity pathogenicity. In recent years, investigation of IBDV epidemiology has greatly benefited from proposal multiple phylogenetic classification systems prompted execution molecular surveys all...

Infectious bronchitis (IB), caused by infectious virus (IBV), account for severe economic losses in the poultry industry. The continuous emergence of a multitude IBV variants poses many challenges its diagnosis and control, live attenuated vaccines, despite their routine use, still plays significant role driving evolution, further complicating epidemiological scenario. Unfortunately, impact different vaccination strategies on IB epidemiology, has rarely been investigated. This work presents...

Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) is one of the most impactful and widespread pathogens modern swine industry. Unlike other DNA viruses, PCV-2 featured by a remarkable genetic variability, which has led to emergence recognition different genotypes, some (PCV-2a, 2b, 2d) have alternated over time. Currently, PCV-2d considered prevalent genotype, evidence differential virulence vaccine efficacy been reported. Despite potential practical relevance, data on epidemiology in Italy are quite outdated do...

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is among the most devastating diseases affecting pig industry. Despite vaccines having been available for decades, remarkable genetic variability of this virus, leading to poor cross-protection, has limited their efficacy, other measures must be adopted effectively control viral circulation. Some recent studies have investigated factors involved in spreading persistence, at least local level. However, despite topic's relevance, no...

Avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) economically affects the global poultry industry causing respiratory and reproductive disorders. Considering paucity of data on aMPV occurrence in European free-ranging avifauna, a molecular survey was conducted wild birds 23 species belonging to orders Anseriformes, Charadriiformes or Passeriformes, captured alive sampled Northeast Italy as part national avian influenza virus (AIV) surveillance activities. A total 492 oropharyngeal swabs, collected from...

The GI-19 lineage of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) has emerged as one the most impactful, particularly in "Old World". Originating China several decades ago, it consistently spread and evolved, often forming independent clades various areas countries, each with distinct production systems control strategies. This study leverages this scenario to explore how different environments may influence evolution. Through analysis complete S1 sequence, four datasets were identified, comprising...

This case report presents the first molecular identification of a gammacoronavirus in free-ranging striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) that was found stranded along Croatian coastline 2022. The exhibited concurrent infection with cetacean morbillivirus. strain amplified and sequenced from heart tissue imprinted on an FTA®card, revealing notable genetic distance (approximately 8%) previously characterized gammacoronaviruses. finding highlights importance including gammacoronaviruses...

Introduction Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) emerged more than three decades ago as one of the most impactful pathogens in swine industry. Despite being a DNA virus, hallmarks PCV2 is its high evolutionary rate, which has led to emergence different genotypes, each exhibiting varying degrees success. Current knowledge suggests occurrence main waves genotype dominance, alternating over time (i.e., PCV2a, PCV2b, and PCV2d), alongside less prevalent genotypes. However, although PCV2d currently...

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) control is mainly based on wide vaccine administration. Although effective, its efficacy not absolute, the viral circulation prevented and some side effects cannot be denied. Despite this, determinants of IBV epidemiology factors affecting are still largely unknown poorly investigated. In present study, 361 QX (the most relevant field genotype in Italy) sequences were obtained between 2012 2016 from two main Italian integrated poultry companies. Several...

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTSEight IBDV strains with unique VP2 features were detected in Portugal.Based on two distinct classification methods, the belong to a new genotype.