Advanced control strategies are vital components for realization of microgrids. This paper reviews the status hierarchical applied to microgrids and discusses future trends. structure consists primary, secondary, tertiary levels, is a versatile tool in managing stationary dynamic performance while incorporating economical aspects. Various approaches compared their respective advantages highlighted. In addition, coordination among different hierarchies discussed.

A cooperative control paradigm is used to establish a distributed secondary/primary framework for dc microgrids. The conventional secondary control, that adjusts the voltage set point local droop mechanism, replaced by regulator and current regulator. noise-resilient observer introduced uses neighbors' data estimate average across microgrid. processes this estimation generates correction term adjust point. This adjustment maintains microgrid level as desired tertiary control. compares...

This paper proposes a secondary voltage control of microgrids based on the distributed cooperative multi-agent systems. The proposed is fully distributed; each generator only requires its own information and some neighbors. structure obviates requirements for central controller complex communication network which, in turn, improves system reliability. Input-output feedback linearization used to convert linear second-order tracker synchronization problem. parameters can be tuned obtain...

This study proposes a secondary voltage and frequency control scheme based on the distributed cooperative of multi‐agent systems. The proposed is implemented through communication network with one‐way links. required modelled by directed graph (digraph). fully such that each generator only requires its own information neighbours digraph. Thus, requirements for central controller complex are obviated, system reliability improved. simulation results verify effectiveness microgrid test system.

Partial shading in photovoltaic (PV) arrays renders conventional maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques ineffective. The reduced efficiency of shaded PV is a significant obstacle the rapid growth solar systems. Thus, addressing output mismatch and partial effects paramount value. Extracting partially has been widely investigated literature. proposed solutions can be categorized into four main groups. first group includes modified MPPT that properly detect global MPP. They include...

A distributed algorithm is presented to solve the economic power dispatch with transmission line losses and generator constraints. The proposed approach based on two consensus algorithms running in parallel. first a first-order protocol modified by correction term which uses local estimation of system mismatch ensure generation-demand equality. second performs using strategy called most up-to-date information. can handle networks different size topology information about number nodes also...

A distributed-adaptive droop mechanism is proposed for secondary/primary control of dc microgrids. The conventional secondary that adjusts the voltage set point local replaced by a regulator. current regulator also added to fine-tune coefficient different loading conditions. uses an observer processes neighbors' data estimate average across microgrid. This estimation further used generate correction term adjust point. compares per-unit each converter with on communication graph and,...

Voltage-source converter (VSC) technologies are rapidly evolving and increasing the range of applications in a variety fields within power industry. Existing two- three-level VSC being superseded by new modular multilevel (MMC) technology for HVDC applications. The computational burden caused detailed modeling MMC–HVDC systems electromagnetic transient-type (EMT-type) programs complicates simulation transients when such integrated into large networks. This paper develops compares different...

Existing electric power distribution networks are operating near full capacity and facing rapid changes to address environmental concerns improve their reliability sustainability. These satisfied through the effective integration coordination of distributed generators (DGs), which facilitate exploitation renewable energy resources, including wind power, photovoltaics, fuel cells [1]. Although DGs can be rotating machinery type, more recently, have been designed support resources by...

A cooperative distributed secondary/primary control paradigm for AC microgrids is proposed. This solution replaces the centralized secondary and primary-level droop mechanism of each inverter with three separate regulators: voltage, reactive power, active power regulators. sparse communication network spanned across microgrid to facilitate limited data exchange among controllers. Each controller processes its local neighbors' information update voltage magnitude frequency (or, equivalently,...

A distributed control method is proposed to handle power sharing among a cluster of dc microgrids. The hierarchical structure microgrids includes primary, secondary, and tertiary levels. While the load sources within microgrid managed through primary secondary controllers, level required provide higher cluster. Power transfer between enables maximum utilization renewable suppresses stress aging components, which improves its reliability availability, reduces maintenance costs, expands...

Power electronics-intensive dc microgrids use increasingly complex software-based controllers and communication networks. They are evolving into cyber-physical systems (CPS) with sophisticated interactions between physical computational processes, making them vulnerable to cyber attacks. This paper presents a framework detect possible false-data injection attacks (FDIAs) in microgrids. The detection problem is formalized as identifying change sets of inferred candidate invariants. Invariants...

This paper proposes a distributed two-layer control structure for ac microgrids. Inverter-based generators (DGs) can operate either as voltage-controlled voltage source inverters (VCVSI) or current-controlled (CCVSI). VCVSIs provide the and frequency support, whereas CCVSIs regulate generated active reactive powers. The proposed has two main layers. first layer deals with of VCVSIs. second regulates powers CCVSIs. These controllers are implemented through communication networks one-way links...

Phasor measurement units (PMUs) are rapidly being deployed in electric power networks across the globe. Wide-area system (WAMS), which builds upon PMUs and fast communication links, is consequently emerging as an advanced monitoring control infrastructure. Rapid adaptation of such devices technologies has led researchers to investigate multitude challenges pursue opportunities synchrophasor technology, PMU structural design, placement, miscellaneous applications from local perspectives,...

This paper investigates the distributed finite-time restoration of inverter voltage and frequency terms in an islanded ac microgrid. Formulating networked inverters microgrids as a cooperative multiagent system, can be cast synchronization problems, while active power sharing viewed consensus problem. One popular control approach is neighbor-based linear protocol, where at set points achieved over infinite-time horizon with exponential convergence. To achieve accelerated convergence better...

State-space average-value modeling of pulsewidth modulation converters in continuous and discontinuous modes has received significant attention the literature, various models have been developed. This paper presents a new approach for generating state-space model. In proposed methodology, so-called duty-ratio constraint correction term are extracted numerically using detailed simulation expressed as nonlinear functions duty cycle fast state variable. The parasitic effects circuit elements...

This paper presents a distributed algorithm based on auction techniques and consensus protocols to solve the nonconvex economic dispatch problem. The optimization problem of includes several constraints such as valve-point loading effect, multiple fuel option, prohibited operating zones. Each generating unit locally evaluates quantities used bids in mechanism. These units send their neighbors communication graph that supports power system which provides required information flow. A procedure...

Real-time (RT) simulation is a highly reliable method that mostly based on electromagnetic transient of complex systems comprising many domains. It increasingly used in power and energy for both academic research industrial applications. Due to the evolution computing RT simulators recent years, new classes applications expanded fields practice could now be addressed with simulation. This increase computation implies models can built more accurately whole system gets closer reality. Task...

A systematic framework for reliability assessment and fault-tolerant design of multiphase dc-dc converters deployed in photovoltaic applications is presented. System-level steady-state models allow a detailed specification component failure rates, turn establish the effects ambient conditions converter on reliability. Markov are derived to estimate mean time system failure. Case studies applied two- three-phase, 250-W demonstrate that topological redundancy does not necessarily translate...

This paper proposes attack-resilient distributed control for synchronization of islanded, networked, inverter-based microgrids. Existing cooperative techniques are susceptible to attacks and cannot guarantee synchronization. The effect on sensor/actuator, communication links, hijacking controllers is studied. A resilient protocol presented address sensors/actuators attacks. Attacks links adverse effects also mitigated by designing a trust-based protocol. efficacy the proposed solutions...

This paper studies the output containment control of linear heterogeneous multi-agent systems, where system dynamics and even state dimensions can generally be different. Since states have different dimensions, standard results from do not apply. Therefore, objective is to guarantee convergence each follower dynamic convex hull spanned by outputs leaders. achieved making certain errors go zero asymptotically. Based on this formulation, two protocols, namely, full-state feedback static...

This paper proposes a fully distributed control methodology for secondary of ac microgrids. The framework includes three modules: 1) voltage regulator; 2) reactive power and 3) active power/frequency regulator. regulator module maintains the average microgrid distribution line at rated value. compares local normalized an inverter with its neighbors' powers on communication graph and, accordingly, fine-tunes Q-V droop coefficients to mitigate any mismatch. Collectively, these two modules...

This paper presents an average-value model of a line-commutated converter-based HVDC system using dynamic phasors. The represents the low-frequency dynamics converter and its ac dc systems, has lower computational requirements than conventional electromagnetic-transient (EMT) switching model. developed dynamic-phasor is verified against EMT CIGRE Benchmark. Simulation results confirm validity accuracy average value in predicting ac- dc-side quantities. Merits applicability limitations are...

A multiple-input multiple-output dc-dc converter topology is proposed. This able to accommodate an arbitrary number of sources and loads. The steady-state dynamic characteristics the proposed are analyzed. controller scheme that enables budgeting input powers coming from different energy sources, in addition regulating output voltages. Loss efficiency modeling sensitivity analysis underlying parameters performed. Several case studies presented verify analytical models evaluate performance converter.