We use data on police-involved deaths to estimate how the risk of being killed by police force in United States varies across social groups. lifetime and age-specific risks race sex. also provide estimates proportion all accounted for force. find that African American men women, Indian/Alaska Native Latino face higher than do their white peers. Latina women Asian/Pacific Islander lower Risk is highest black men, who (at current levels risk) about a 1 1,000 chance over life course. The...

To estimate the risk of mortality from police homicide by race/ethnicity and place in United States.We used novel data on police-involved fatalities Bayesian models to for Black, Latino, White men all US counties Census division metropolitan area type.Police kill, average, 2.8 per day. Police were responsible about 8% homicides with adult male victims between 2012 2018. Black men's is 1.9 2.4 deaths 100 000 year, Latino 0.8 1.2, 0.6 0.7.Police higher than suggested official data. are at...

1. The resting membrane potentials of proximal and distal segments the arterioles which arise from rat middle cerebral artery were determined. Proximal had stable with a mean value ‐69 mV. less negative often unstable. 2. When extracellular concentration potassium ions [( K+]o) was increased arteriole depolarized whereas ones hyperpolarized. [K+]o decreased both depolarized, changes being more marked in arterioles. 3. membranes displayed inward rectification at near rest; arteriole, when...

This review assesses the current state of knowledge about monetary sanctions, e.g., fines, fees, surcharges, restitution, and any other financial liability related to contact with systems justice, which are used more widely than prison, jail, probation, or parole in United States. The describes most important consequences punishment sanctions States, include a significant capacity for exacerbating economic inequality by race, prolonged involvement criminal justice system, driver's license...

Objectives. To estimate the cumulative prevalence of confirmed child maltreatment and foster care placement for US children changes in between 2011 2016. Methods. We used synthetic cohort life tables data from Adoption Foster Care Analysis Reporting System National Child Abuse Neglect Data population counts Centers Disease Control Prevention. Results. children’s remained stable 2016 at about 11.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 11.6%, 11.7%) increased by roughly 11% 4.8% CI 4.8%, 4.8%) to...

This study shows that state efforts at child protection are structured by the policy regimes in which they enmeshed. Using administrative data on protection, criminal justice, and social welfare interventions, I show children separated from their families placed into foster care far more frequently states with extensive punitive justice systems than broad generous programs. However, large bureaucracies interact program enrollment to create opportunities for surveillance of families,...

We use novel data on police-involved deaths to estimate how the risk of being killed by police use-of-force in United States varies across social groups. lifetime and age-specific risks race sex. also provide estimates proportion all accounted for use-of-force. find that African American men women, Indian / Alaska Native Latino face higher than do their white peers. women Asian Pacific Islander lower Risk is highest Black men, who (at current levels risk) about a 1 1,000 chance over life...

This article provides county-level estimates of the cumulative prevalence four levels Child Protective Services (CPS) contact using administrative data from 20 most populous counties in United States. Rates CPS investigation are extremely high almost every county. Racial and ethnic inequality case outcomes is large some counties. The total median rate was 41.3%; risk for Black, Hispanic, White children exceeded 20% all Risks having a were highest Black (43.2 to 72.0%). also experienced rates...

1. Current clamp studies using two patch electrodes and morphological observations have been performed in guinea-pig mesenteric arterioles to evaluate intercellular electrical couplings. 2. In electron micrographs, preparations were found a single layer of smooth muscle cells. Typical gap junctions readily observed between endothelial cells only. 3. While immunoreactivity connexin 40 was strongly expressed on the membranes only, that 43 both cell membranes. 4. Neurobiotin injected into...

Intracellular recordings were made from short segments of the muscular wall guinea‐pig gastric antrum. Preparations impaled using two independent microelectrodes, one positioned in circular layer and other either longitudinal layer, network myenteric interstitial cells Cajal (ICC my ) or layer. Cells each displayed characteristic patterns rhythmical activity, with largest signals being generated by ICC . Current pulses injected into muscle produced electrotonic potentials cell indicating...

Recent research has used synthetic cohort life tables to show that having a Child Protective Services investigation, experiencing confirmed maltreatment, and being placed in foster care are more common for American children than would be expected based on daily or annual rates these events. In this article, we extend literature by using data from the Adoption Foster Care Analysis Reporting System generate first cumulative prevalence estimates of termination parental rights. The results...

Trapped in a Maze: How Social Control Institutions Drive Family Poverty and Inequality provides compelling urgent portrayal of how families poverty are compelled to interact with the broad range institutions that have both de facto jure authority manage their access resources, custody children, health, freedom. Rather than taking an institution-centered approach might treat policy domains such as education, juvenile justice, child welfare formally distinct independent, Paik takes family...

1 Slow waves were recorded from the circular muscle layer of antral region guinea-pig stomach. abolished by 2APB, an inhibitor IP3-induced Ca2+ release. 2 When rate generation slow was monitored it found to vary cycle around a mean value. The variation persisted after abolishing neuronal activity with tetrodotoxin. 3 simultaneous recordings made interstitial cells in myenteric (ICCMY) and smooth layer, variations be linked driving potentials ICCMY. 4 A preparation devised which consisted...

1. Intracellular recording techniques were used to compare the patterns of electrical activity generated in antral region stomachs wild-type and W/W(V) mutant mice. Immunohistochemical determine distribution c-kit-positive interstitial cells Cajal (ICC) within same stomach. 2. In mice found at level myenteric plexus (ICC(MY)) distributed smooth muscle bundles (ICC(IM)). these preparations slow waves, which consisted initial secondary components, detected. 3. W/WV ICC(MY) could be identified...

Intracellular recordings were made from isolated bundles of the circular muscle layer mouse gastric antrum and responses evoked by stimulating intrinsic nerve fibres examined. Transmural stimulation a fast inhibitory junction potential (fast‐IJP) which was followed initially smaller amplitude long lasting (slow‐IJP) period excitation. The excitatory component response abolished atropine, suggesting that it resulted release acetylcholine activation muscarinic receptors. Fast‐IJPs selectively...

1 When short segments of single bundles circular muscle guinea-pig antrum were isolated and impaled with two microelectrodes, the membrane potential recordings displayed an ongoing discharge noise. 2 Treating preparations acetoxymethyl ester form BAPTA (BAPTA AM) reduced noise revealed discrete depolarizing unitary potentials. The spectral densities determined from control ones loaded had similar shapes but those higher amplitudes, suggesting that results a high frequency 3 Depolarization...

Regenerative potentials were initiated by depolarizing short segments of single bundles circular muscle isolated from the gastric antrum guinea-pigs. When changes in [Ca(2+)](i) and membrane potential recorded simultaneously, regenerative found to be associated with an increase [Ca(2+)](i), starting after a minimum latency about 1 s. Although was reduced nifedipine, amplitudes responses little changed. abolished loading preparations Ca(2+) chelator MAPTA-AM. 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate...

1. Intracellular recordings were made from the parasympathetic ganglion cells that lie in epicardium of left atrium guinea‐pig heart near interatrial septum. 2. Three distinct types neurone identified on basis their electrophysiological properties. In one group neurones, S cells, somatic action potentials followed by brief after‐hyperpolarizations. other two sets prolonged The neurones with prominent after‐hyperpolarization further subdivided: P showed inward rectification at membrane...

1. The current‐voltage relationships of short segments submucosal arteriole guinea‐pig have been determined using constant current and voltage clamp techniques. 2. were non‐linear over the membrane potential range ‐60 to ‐90 mV, conductance increasing with hyperpolarization. 3. ranges which increased changed by changing external concentration potassium ions. 4. Changing concentrations sodium chloride ions had no effect on arteriolar relationships. 5. hyperpolarization‐activated increase was...