Lower bounds on fluctuations of thermodynamic currents depend the nature time, discrete or continuous. To understand physical reason, we compare current in discrete-time Markov chains and continuous-time master equations. We prove that equations are always more likely, due to random timings transitions. This comparison leads a mapping moments between continuous time. exploit this obtain uncertainty bounds. Our results reduce quests for time single problem.

Is it possible to operate a computing device with zero energy expenditure? This question, once considered just an academic dilemma, has recently become strategic for the future of information and communication technology. In fact, in last forty years semiconductor industry been driven by its ability scale down size complementary metal-oxide semiconductor-field-effect transistor, building block present devices, increase capability density up point where power dissipated heat during...

Synthesis of biopolymers such as DNA, RNA, and proteins are biophysical processes aided by enzymes. Performance these enzymes is usually characterized in terms their average error rate speed. However, because thermal fluctuations single-molecule processes, both speed inherently stochastic quantities. In this paper, we study biopolymer synthesis show that they general correlated. This means that, under equal conditions, polymers synthesized faster due to a fluctuation tend have either better...

Biological processes such as DNA replication, RNA transcription, and protein translation show remarkable speed accuracy in selecting the right substrate from pools of chemically identical molecules. This result is obtained by nonequilibrium reactions that dissipate chemical energy. It widely recognized there must be a trade-off between speed, error, dissipation characterizing these systems. In this paper, we quantify using tools mathematical optimization theory. We characterize Pareto...

Landauer principle describes the minimum heat produced by an information-processing device. Recently a new term has been included in production: it's called conditional entropy and takes into account microstates content of given logic state. Usually this is assumed zero bistable symmetric systems thanks to strong hypothesis used derive principle. In paper we show that can be nonzero even for it expressed as sum three different terms related probabilistic features The contribution (and thus...

In its most conservative formulation, the Landauer principle states that at least of heat must be produced to reset one bit. Theoretical derivations this result for practical systems require complex mathematical tools; additionally, real experiments are sophisticated and sensitive. literature, it's then common practice look a global production without further concern exchanges intermediate times. paper we want recover such kind description: take Brownian particle moves in bistable potential...

In 1961, Landauer [R. Landauer, IBM J. Res. Develop. 5, 183 (1961)] pointed out that resetting a binary memory requires minimum energy of ${k}_{B}Tln(2)$. However, once written, any is doomed to lose its content if no action taken. To avoid losses, refresh procedure periodically performed. We present theoretical model and an experiment on microelectromechanical system evaluate the required preserve one bit information over time. Two main conclusions are drawn: (i) in principle, energetic...

Heat produced during a reset operation is meant to show fundamental bound known as Landauer limit, while simple switch operations have an expected minimum amount of heat equal zero. However, in both cases, present-day technology realizations dissipate far beyond these theoretical limits. In this paper we present study based on molecular dynamics simulations, where and protocols are applied graphene buckled ribbon, employed here nano electromechanical working at the thermodynamic limit.

In biochemistry, heteropolymers encoding biological information are assembled out of equilibrium by sequentially incorporating available monomers found in the environment. Current models polymerization treat monomer incorporation as a sequence discrete chemical reactions between intermediate metastable states. this paper, we use ideas from reaction rate theory and describe nonequilibrium assembly heteropolymer via continuous coordinate. Our approach allows for estimating copy error speed...

Despite its historical importance, a perfect gas enclosed by pistons and in contact with thermal reservoirs is system still largely under study. Its thermodynamic properties are not yet well understood when driven nonequilibrium conditions, analytic formulas that describe the heat exchanged reservoir rare. In this paper we prove power series expansions for both external force temperature slowly varying over time but overall process quasistatic. To do so, use dynamical equations from [Cerino...

The non-equilibrium thermodynamics of a gas inside piston is conceptually simple problem where analytic results are rare. For example, it hard to find in the literature formulas that describe heat exchanged with reservoir when system either relaxes equilibrium or compressed over finite time. In this paper we derive such kind formulas. To achieve result, take equations derived by Cerino \textit{et al.} [Phys. Rev. E \textbf{91}, 032128] describing dynamic evolution gas-piston system, cast...

We analyze current data on the COVID-19 spreading in Okinawa, Japan. find that initial spread is characterized by a doubling time of about 5 days. implement model to forecast future under different scenarios. The predicts that, if significant containment measures are not taken, large fraction population will be infected with COVID-19, peak epidemic expected at end May and intensive care units having largely exceeded capacity. analyzed scenarios implementing strong measures, similar those...

Binary switches are the basic element of modern digital computers. In this paper we discuss role switching procedure with reference to fundamental limits in minimum energy dissipation. We show that depends on and test result micromagnetic simulations a nanoscale switch realized single cylindrical permalloy (NiFe). Finally establish relation between error probability.

In this work we discuss a simple logical switch device conceptual model with reference to the minimum energy requirements for its operation. We show that depends on switching procedure and implications realization of future ICT devices.

Heat is a complex quantity to measure in stochastic systems because it requires extremely small sampling timesteps. Unfortunately this not always possible real experiments, mainly experimental setups have technical limits. To overcome difficulty Simpson-like quadrature scheme was suggested [\emph{Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2017 375}] as tool compute the heat systems. In paper we study new scheme. particular, first give qualitative proof of with help Riemann-Stieltjes integrals and then perform...

Synthesis of biopolymers such as DNA, RNA, and proteins are biophysical processes aided by enzymes. Performance these enzymes is usually characterized in terms their average error rate speed. However, because thermal fluctuations single-molecule processes, both speed inherently stochastic quantities. In this paper, we study biopolymer synthesis show that they general correlated. This means that, under equal conditions, polymers synthesized faster due to a fluctuation tend have either better...

Biological processes such as DNA replication, RNA transcription, and protein translation show remarkable speed accuracy in selecting the right substrate from pools of chemically identical molecules. This result is obtained by nonequilibrium reactions that dissipate chemical energy. It widely recognized there must be a trade-off between speed, error, dissipation characterizing these systems. In this paper, we quantify using tools mathematical optimization theory. We characterize Pareto...