TNF-alpha has been shown to induce matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression, which, in turn, degrades extracellular the inflammatory responses. However, inductive mechanisms of MMP-9 by remain unclear. In human tracheal smooth muscle cells, induced expression and Akt phosphorylation a time-dependent manner, which was attenuated inhibitors Src (PP1), epidermal growth factor receptor (AG1478), PDGFR (AG1296), PI3K (LY294002), respectively, revealed reporter gene assay, RT-PCR,...

Abstract Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are responsible for degradation of extracellular matrix and play important roles in cell migration, proliferation, tissue remodeling related to airway inflammation. Interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) has been shown induce MMP‐9 production many types contribute inflammatory responses. However, the mechanisms underlying expression induced by IL‐1β human tracheal smooth muscle cells (HTSMCs) remain unclear. Here, we investigated p42/p44 MAPK, p38 JNK, NF‐κB...

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) has been shown to induce the expression of adhesion molecules in airway resident cells and contribute inflammatory responses. Here, roles mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) NF-kappaB TNF-alpha-induced vascular cell molecule (VCAM)-1 were investigated human tracheal smooth muscle (HTSMCs). TNF-alpha-enhanced VCAM-1 mRNA as well phosphorylation p42/p44 MAPK, p38, JNK significantly attenuated by inhibitors MEK1/2 (U0126), p38 (SB202190),...

The d-galactose (d-gal)-injected animal model, which is typically established by administering consecutive subcutaneous d-gal injections to animals for approximately six or eight weeks, has been frequently used aging research. In addition, this model demonstrated accelerate in the brain, kidneys, liver and blood cells. However, studies on male reproductive organs that have remain few. Therefore, current study aimed optimize a of mice determine possible mechanism expediting senescence...

Astaxanthin, a xanthophyll belonging to the family of carotenoids, is potent antioxidant. However, much less known about its protective effects on oxidative stress ischemic optic nerve. We hypothesized that astaxanthin treatment could protect retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) from death via anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic responses. Adult male Wistar rats were fed (100 mg/kg/day) by daily gavage for seven consecutive days, either before or after inducing in retina photodynamic treatment. The...

Interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) has been shown to induce the expression of adhesion molecules on airway epithelial and smooth cells contributes inflammatory responses. Here, roles mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) pathways for IL-1beta-induced vascular cell molecule (VCAM)-1 were investigated in human tracheal muscle (HTSMC). IL-1beta induced VCAM-1 mRNA a time-dependent manner, which was significantly inhibited by inhibitors MEK1/2 (U0126 PD-98059),...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2) ) has been implicated in several respiratory diseases. HuR is known to enhance the genes by binding 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) mRNA stabilizing mRNA. However, exact mechanisms which affects stability modulates LPS-induced COX-2 cPLA(2) human tracheal smooth muscle cells (HTSMCs) are not known. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2) was...

The proliferation and adipogenesis of preadipocytes played important roles in the development adipose tissue contributed much to processes obesity. On other hand, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), also known as endotoxin, is a key outer membrane component gram-negative bacteria gut microbiota, has dominant role linking inflammation high-fat diet-induced metabolic syndrome. Studies suggested potential LPS hepatic steatosis obese mice models. However, molecular mechanisms underlying LPS-regulated...

Abstract Background Trichomoniasis is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease caused by protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis . Metronidazole (MTZ) a widely used drug for treatment of trichomoniasis; however, increased resistance to MTZ has emerged as highly problematic public health issue. Methods We conducted iTRAQ-based analysis profile proteomes MTZ-sensitive (MTZ-S) and MTZ-resistant (MTZ-R) parasites. STRING gene set enrichment (GESA) were utilized explore...

Lung inflammation is a pivotal event in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) key antioxidant enzyme that could be induced by kaempferol (KPR) and exerts anti-inflammatory effects. However, molecular mechanisms KPR-mediated HO-1 expression its effects on inflammatory responses remain unknown human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells (HPAEpiCs). This study aimed to verify relationship between KPR treatment both vitro vivo models. was determined real time-PCR, Western...

Obesity is associated with metabolic endotoxemia, reactive oxygen species (ROS), chronic inflammation, and obese kidney fibrosis. Although the fat–intestine–kidney axis has been documented, pathomechanism therapeutic targets of fibrosis remain unelucidated. To mimic humans high-fat-diet-fed mice (HF group) were injected lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to yield fibrosis–metabolic endotoxemia mouse model (HL group). Therapeutic effects ROS, cytosolic phospholipases A2 (cPLA2) cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)...

Background: Mevastatin (MVS), a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme, reductase (HMG-CoA) inhibitor, has anti-inflammatory effects potentially via up-regulation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). However, the mechanisms underlying MVS-induced HO-1 expression remain largely unknown in human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells (HPAEpiCs). Methods: and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 were determined using real-time PCR, Western blotting, promoter reporter analyses. The signaling components...

Recently, ambient air particulate matter (PM) has been shown to increase the risk of oral cancer. The most common malignant tumor in cavity is squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Recent studies have revealed that surfactin, a cyclic lipopeptide generated by Bacillus subtilis, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. However, exact effects surfactin on human OSCC underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. In present study, we found treatment SCC4 SCC25 cells (human lines) with...

The three most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) and Trichomonas vaginalis (TV). prevalence of these STIs in Taiwan remains largely unknown the risk STI acquisition affected by vaginal microbiota is also elusive. In this study, a total 327 swabs collected from women with vaginitis were analyzed to determine presence associated microorganisms using BD Max CT/GC/TV molecular assay, microbial cultures, 16S rRNA sequencing....

AimsVascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) that function as synthetic units play important roles in inflammatory diseases such atherosclerosis and angiogenesis. As extracellular nucleotides ATP have been shown to act via activation of P2 purinoceptors implicated various diseases, we hypothesized contribute vascular upregulated expression proteins, cyclooxygenase (COX-2) cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) VSMCs.

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) triggers activation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) and then enhancing the synthesis prostaglandin (PG) in inflammatory diseases. However, detailed mechanisms TNF-alpha induced cPLA2 expression were not fully defined human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells (HPAEpiCs). We found that TNF-alpha-stimulated increases mRNA (5.2 folds) protein (3.9 expression, promoter activity (4.3 folds), PGE2 secretion (4.7 HPAEpiCs, determined by Western blot,...

Molecular mechanisms and pathological features of p-Cresyl sulfate (PCS)-induced uremic lung injury (ULI) in chronic kidney disease (CKD) remain unclear. We analyzed pleural effusions (PE) from CKD non-CKD patients for toxins, reactive oxygen species (ROS), chemotactic cytokines. Correlations between PE biomarkers serum creatinine were also studied. Cell viability inflammatory signaling pathways investigated PCS-treated human alveolar cell model. To mimic diseases, CKD-ULI mouse model was...