Visual working memory abilities of 55,753 individuals between the ages 8 and 75 were assessed to provide most fine-grain analysis age-related change in visual date. Results showed that changes throughout lifespan, peaking at age 20. A sharp linear decline follows is so severe by 55, adults possess poorer immediate than 9 year olds. These developmental largely explained changing capacity coupled with small short-term feature binding difficulties among children older adults.

Research on contextual cueing has demonstrated that with simple arrays of letters and shapes, search for a target increases in efficiency as associations between its surrounding visual context are learned. We investigated whether the afforded by repeated exposure to real-world scenes can also guide attention when relationship scene position is arbitrary. Observers searched identified letter embedded photographs scenes. Although time within novel was consistent across trials, decreased...

In contextual cueing, the position of a target within group distractors is learned over repeated exposure to display with reference few nearby items rather than global pattern created by elements. The authors contrasted role and local contexts for cueing in naturalistic scenes. Experiment 1 showed that positions transfer when information altered but not changed. 2 scene-target covariation more slowly local, global, across trials repeated. Thus, scenes, observers are biased associate...

When confronted with a previously encountered scene, what information is used to guide search known target? We contrasted the role of scene's basic-level category membership its specific arrangement visual properties. Observers were repeatedly shown photographs scenes that contained consistently but arbitrarily located targets, allowing target positions be associated scene content. Learned then unexpectedly mirror reversed, spatially translating features as well across display while...

Two experiments were conducted to assess the costs of attentional load during a feature (colour-shape) binding task in younger and older adults. Experiment 1 showed that demanding backwards counting task, which draws upon central executive/general resources, reduced greater extent than individual memory, but effect was no 2 presenting memory items sequentially rather simultaneously, such are required be maintained while new representations created, selectively affects performance both age...

Our mental processing of the visual world is not independent our physical actions within it. Placing objects near one’s hands and interacting with using tools can enhance perception, bias prolong allocation attention, distort memory in systematic ways. This suggests that reach cognitively different from beyond reach. In this review, we examine evidence supporting conclusion, focusing on cognitive neural mechanisms underlie these effects, parameters may control their emergence, potential...

Many of our actions require visual information, and for this it is important to direct the eyes right place at time. Two or three times every second, we must decide both when where gaze. Understanding these decisions can reveal moment-to-moment information priorities system strategies sampling employed by brain serve ongoing behavior. Most theoretical frameworks models gaze control assume that spatial temporal aspects fixation point selection depend on different mechanisms. We present a...

Background/Study Context: Visual working memory (VWM) has been shown to be particularly age sensitive. Determining which measures share variance with this cognitive ability in older adults may help elucidate the key factors underlying effects of aging. Methods: Predictors VWM (measured by a modified Patterns Test) were investigated subsample (N = 44, mean 73) from Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 (LBC1936; Deary et al., 2007 , I. J. Gow A. Taylor M. D. Corley Brett C. al. . ( ). The 1936: A study...

Attention is critical to learning. Hence, advanced learning technologies should benefit from mechanisms monitor and respond learners' attentional states. We study the feasibility of integrating commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) eye trackers attention during interactions with a technology called GuruTutor. tested our implementation on 135 students in noisy computer-enabled high school classroom were able collect median 95% valid gaze data 85% sessions where was successfully recorded. Machine...

Physiological limitations on the visual system require gaze to move from location extract most relevant information within a scene. Therefore, provides real-time index of information-processing priorities system. We investigated allocation during mind wandering (MW), state where cognitive shift processing task-relevant external stimuli (i.e., world) task-irrelevant internal thoughts. In both main study and replication, we recorded eye movements college-aged adults who studied images urban...

During mind wandering, visual processing of external information is attenuated. Accordingly, wandering associated with changes in gaze behaviors, albeit findings are inconsistent the literature. This heterogeneity obfuscates a complete view moment-to-moment priorities system during wandering. We hypothesize that this observed an effect idiosyncrasy across tasks varying spatial allocation demands, and discourse demands reflects strategic, compensatory shift how operates recorded eye movements...

Navigation in humans and many other animals relies on spatial representations of their environments. Three experiments examined how maintain sense orientation between nested Subjects can acquire new easily without integrating them into existing knowledge system. While navigating environments, subjects seemed to constantly switch the currently processed environment by reorienting approaching environments losing track old at given regions. These results suggest that updating naturalistic, does...

Using a temporal integration task, subjects in 5 experiments were expected to combine information from temporally separated visual presentations. Evidence these indicated that perceptual can be integrated with previously generated and currently maintained images form representation contains each source. Properties limitations of this process also explored, including the time required image, speed at which percepts images, capacity representation. Implications for theories processing memory...

We explored whether individual features and bindings between those in VSTM tasks are completely lost from trial to or residual memory traces for these retained long-term memory. Memory arrays of coloured shapes was assessed using change detection cued recall. Across trials, either the same colour-shape (integrated object) combinations were repeated one feature while other varied. Observers became sensitive repetition bindings, but only if it occurred on every trial. Repetition single led...

Stereotypes, expectations, and emotions influence an observer's ability to detect categorize objects as guns. In light of recent work in action-perception interactions, however, there is another unexplored factor that may be critical: The action choices available the perceiver. five experiments, participants determined whether person was holding a gun or neutral object. Critically, participant did this while responding with either Responding biased observers report "gun present" more than...

We designed and tested an attention-aware learning technology (AALT) that detects responds to mind wandering (MW), a shift in attention from task-related task-unrelated thoughts, is negatively associated with learning. leveraged existing gaze-based detector uses commercial off the shelf eye tracking inform real-time interventions during Intelligent Tutoring System real-world classrooms. The intervention strategies, co-designed students teachers, consisted of using student names, reiterating...

The authors examined the prioritization of abruptly appearing objects in real-world scenes by measuring eyes' propensity to be directed new object. New were fixated more often than chance whether they appeared during fixations (transient onsets) or saccades (nontransient onsets). However, onsets that sooner and those coincident with saccades. Prioritization saccades, but not fixations, affected manipulations memory: Reducing scene viewing time prior onset eliminated prioritization, whereas...