Attention is critical to learning. Hence, advanced learning technologies should benefit from mechanisms monitor and respond learners' attentional states. We study the feasibility of integrating commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) eye trackers attention during interactions with a technology called GuruTutor. tested our implementation on 135 students in noisy computer-enabled high school classroom were able collect median 95% valid gaze data 85% sessions where was successfully recorded. Machine...

Physiological limitations on the visual system require gaze to move from location extract most relevant information within a scene. Therefore, provides real-time index of information-processing priorities system. We investigated allocation during mind wandering (MW), state where cognitive shift processing task-relevant external stimuli (i.e., world) task-irrelevant internal thoughts. In both main study and replication, we recorded eye movements college-aged adults who studied images urban...

During mind wandering, visual processing of external information is attenuated. Accordingly, wandering associated with changes in gaze behaviors, albeit findings are inconsistent the literature. This heterogeneity obfuscates a complete view moment-to-moment priorities system during wandering. We hypothesize that this observed an effect idiosyncrasy across tasks varying spatial allocation demands, and discourse demands reflects strategic, compensatory shift how operates recorded eye movements...

In recent years, the number of studies examining mind wandering has increased considerably, and research on topic spread widely across various domains psychological research. Athough term been used to refer cognitive states, researchers typically operationalize in terms task-unrelated thought (TUT). Research TUT shed light task features that require people’s attention consequences inattention. Important methodological conceptual complications do persist, however, current investigations TUT....

We designed and tested an attention-aware learning technology (AALT) that detects responds to mind wandering (MW), a shift in attention from task-related task-unrelated thoughts, is negatively associated with learning. leveraged existing gaze-based detector uses commercial off the shelf eye tracking inform real-time interventions during Intelligent Tutoring System real-world classrooms. The intervention strategies, co-designed students teachers, consisted of using student names, reiterating...

Mind wandering is typically operationalized as task‐unrelated thought. Some argue for the need to distinguish between unintentional and intentional mind wandering, where an agent voluntarily shifts attention from task‐related thoughts. We reveal inconsistency standard, thought definition of occurrence (together with plausible assumptions about tasks intentions). This suggests that either standard should be rejected or incoherent category. Solving this puzzle critical advancing theoretical...

Sensorimotor abilities are crucial for performance in athletic, military, and other occupational activities, there is great interest understanding learning these skills. Here, behavioral was measured over three days as twenty-seven participants practiced multiple sessions on the Nike SPARQ Sensory Station (Nike, Inc., Beaverton, Oregon), a computerized visual motor assessment battery. Wrist-worn actigraphy recorded to monitor sleep–wake cycles. Significant observed tasks with high visuomotor...

Third-personal judgments of blame are typically sensitive to what an agent knows and desires. However, when people act negligently, they do not know doing desire the outcomes their negligence. How, then, attribute for negligent wrongdoing? We propose that wrongdoing based on perceived mentalcontrol, or degree which guides thoughts attention over time. To acquire information about others' mental control, self-project own control anchor third-personal concomitant responsibility wrongdoing. In...

Attribution theorists assume that character information informs judgments of blame. But there is disagreement over why. One camp holds a fundamental determinant Another merely provides evidence about the mental states and processes determine responsibility. We argue for two-channel view, where simultaneously has evidential effects on In two large factorial studies (n = 495), participants rate whether someone blameworthy when he makes mistake (burns cake or misses bus stop). Although state...

Vision is crucial for many everyday activities, but the mind not always focused on what eyes see. Mind wandering occurs frequently and associated with attenuated visual cognitive processing of external information. Corresponding changes in gaze behavior—namely, fewer, longer, more dispersed fixations—suggest a shift how system samples Using three computational models salience two innovative approaches measuring semantic informativeness, current work assessed whether these reflect prioritizes...

Abstract We investigated whether prestimulus alpha-band oscillatory activity and stimulus-elicited recurrent processing interact to facilitate conscious visual perception. Participants tried perceive a stimulus that was perceptually masked through object substitution masking (OSM). showed attenuated alpha power associated with greater negative-polarity stimulus-evoked ERP resembled the awareness negativity (VAN), previously argued reflect related This effect, however, not better Instead,...

Mind wandering is typically operationalized as task-unrelated thought. Some argue for the need to distinguish between unintentional and intentional mind wandering, where an agent voluntarily shifts attention from task-related thoughts. We reveal inconsistency standard, thought definition of occurrence (together with plausible assumptions about tasks intentions). This suggests that either standard should be rejected or incoherent category. Solving this puzzle critical advancing theoretical...

There is a lack of psychological, neuroscientific, and philosophical consensus regarding how people evaluate causal relationships: do just consider what actually happened or they also could have counterfactually happened? We used eye tracking Gaussian Process modeling to investigate mentally simulated recent event judge caused the outcome occur. Participants played virtual ball-shooting game by selecting move, encoding outcome, and—while looking at blank screen—mentally simulating (a)...

Abstract How do people evaluate causal relationships? Do they just consider what actually happened, or also could have counterfactually happened? Using eye tracking and Gaussian process modeling, we investigated how mentally simulated past events to judge caused the outcomes occur. Participants played a virtual ball‐shooting game then—while looking at blank screen—mentally (a) (b) (c) outcome happen. Our findings showed that participants moved their eyes in patterns consistent with actual...

Visual distractions can lure our attention and impede everyday performance, especially if they are highly meaningful appealing to the observer. The current research assessed how semantically rich, personally relevant distractors (i.e., cartoon characters), either or neutral, capture whether frequency with which we encounter these impact effects. Participants were slower identify a target letter in presence of neutral distractor relative an distractor, reflecting covert attentional capture....

In this chapter, we survey methodological challenges in the empirical study of mind wandering and provide a metaphysical framework that begins to address these challenges. We argue is passive manifestation agency—passive because people cannot wander on command agency onset, progression, content often exhibits direct sensitivity personal concerns plans. To measure thinking, researchers must ask, “Is your wandering?” Worries about self-report methodology have encouraged develop “objective”...