Human rabies has been endemic in India since time immemorial, and the true incidence of disease nationwide epidemiological factors have never studied. The main objectives present study were to estimate annual human based on a community survey describe its salient features.The Association for Prevention Control Rabies (APCRI) conducted national multi-center with help 21 medical schools during period February-August 2003. This community-based covered representative population 10.8 million...

An increasing number of dog bite victims were being presented to public hospitals in Himachal Pradesh 2014 amidst virtual non availability any rabies immunoglobulin (RIG). Only a small quantity equine (eRIG) was available from the government owned Central Research Institute (CRI) Kasauli. This eRIG used 269 patients as an emergency response and only for local infiltration severe wounds by suspected rabid dogs. followed vaccination, using WHO approved intra-dermal Thai Red Cross Society...

Presently the dose of rabies immunoglobulin (RIG) which is an integral part post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) calculated based on body weight though recommendation to infiltrate wound(s). This practice demands large quantities RIG may be unaffordable many patients. In this background, we conducted study know if quantity and cost can reduced by restricting passive immunization local infiltration alone avoiding systemic intramuscular administration available scientific evidence. Two hundred...

Abstract A collection of 37 rabies-infected samples, 10 human saliva and 27 animal brain, were recovered during 2001–2004 from the cities Bangalore Hyderabad in southern India Kasauli, a mountainous region Himachal Pradesh, northern India. Phylogenetic analysis partial N gene nucleotide sequences these specimens 1 archival specimen identified 2 groups, divided according to their geographic (north or south) origins. Comparison selected Indian viruses with representative rabies worldwide...

Background Rabies is an important public health problem in developing countries such as India where alarmingly high incidence of the infection reported every year despite availability highly effective, potent and safe vaccines. In clinical practice, diagnosis furious (encephalitic) form rabies poses little difficulty. contrast, paralytic a diagnostic dilemma, to distinguish it from Guillain–Barré syndrome. The further compounded absence history dog bite, features resembling psychiatric...

Rabies, a fatal zoonotic viral encephalitis remains neglected disease in India despite high burden. Laboratory confirmation is essential, especially patients with paralytic rabies who pose diagnostic dilemma. However, conventional tests for diagnosis of have several limitations. In the present study utility real-time TaqMan PCR assay was evaluated antemortem/postmortem rabies. Human clinical samples received antemortem (CSF, saliva, nuchal skin biopsy, serum), and obtained postmortem from...

Japanese encephalitis is a major public health problem in several parts of Asia, particularly India, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Myanmar (Burma). Despite its implications, there are no effective antiviral drugs available.The present study evaluated the effect mycophenolic acid on virus (JEV) using an vitro cytopathic inhibition assay, plaque reduction assay yield therapeutic potential was also assessed vivo mouse model.Analysis results obtained experiments suggests that has significant activity...

Rabies, an acute progressive encephalomyelitis, continues to be a serious public health problem in India and many other countries Asia Africa. The low level of commitment rabies control is partly attributable challenges laboratory diagnosis lack adequate surveillance indicate the disease burden. A audit human cases was undertaken disseminate information on clinical, demographic, prophylactic most importantly diagnostic aspects rabies.A retrospective analysis all clinically suspected cases,...

The currently recommended intradermal regimen for post-exposure prophylaxis spreads over a month period which many times lead to low compliance from the patients. There is need introduce and evaluate short course regimens overcome this problem. This study was conducted immunogenicity safety of "new one week regimen" rabies prophylaxis. A total 80 healthy adult volunteers were enrolled allocated randomly either purified chick embryo cell (PCECV) vaccine or verocell (PVRV), 40 in each group....

The current recommended inactivating agent for the rabies virus, beta propiolactone (BPL) is very expensive and potentially carcinogenic. There a need to evaluate alternative chemicals, which will inactivate virus without affecting its antigenicity. In this study effect of ascorbic acid on infectivity has been investigated.Vero cell grown fixed CVS strain was treated with 0.1 mg/ml, 0.5 mg/ml 1mg/ml final concentrations 5 microg/ml copper sulfate kept at 4 degrees C along untreated material....

ObjectivesCurrently three tests are approved for the estimation of neutralizing antibodies after rabies vaccination: mouse neutralization test (MNT), rapid fluorescent focus inhibition (RFFIT), and antibody virus (FAVN) test. Performance these requires a lot expertise is generally carried out in reference laboratories and, hence, they not available to many people. The aim present study was develop evaluate competitive ELISA (C-ELISA) order make this testing more widely available.MethodsThe...

A 6-year-old boy from India developed an atypical form of rabies following a stray dog bite and as consequence not receiving the standard World Health Organization recommended post-exposure prophylaxis for category III wounds. Serial rising virus neutralizing antibody titres in serum cerebrospinal fluid by rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test helped confirm diagnosis rabies. The child has survived 4 months since onset illness, albeit with neurological sequelae.

Passive immunization is a crucial parameter for prevention of human rabies. Presently as World Health Organization (WHO) strongly advocates local infiltration rabies immunoglobulin in and around the bite wound, we feel that there no basis calculating dose based on body weight. Keeping this view conducted both vitro vivo studies to know whether can be reduced still obtain complete neutralization virus. In were using CVS strain virus BHK 21 cells. experiments 4 weeks old Swiss albino mice by...

Background Rabies is a fatal encephalitis caused by viruses belonging to the genus Lyssavirus of family Rhabdoviridae. It viral disease primarily affecting mammals, though all warm blooded animals are susceptible. Experimental rabies virus infection in birds has been reported, but naturally occurring documented very rarely. Principal Findings The carcass domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus), which had bitten stray dog one month back, was brought diagnostic laboratory. A necropsy performed and...

AbstractIntradermal (ID) vaccination with modern cell culture rabies vaccines is a means to significantly reduce the cost of post-exposure prophylaxis as compared intramuscular vaccination. In this study we evaluated efficacy, immunogenicity and tolerability PCECV PVRV administered ID in doses 0.1 mL per site according 2-site Thai Red Cross (TRC) regimen. Patients WHO category III exposure suspect or laboratory proven rabid animals were either (n=58) (n=52) at dose on days 0, 3 7 one 30 90....

A confirmatory rabies diagnosis can be achieved by rapid virus isolation in cell culture using brain tissue from the suspect animal. Several lines have been used for this purpose and murine neuroblastoma line Neuro-2a has found to most sensitive. The human embryonic kidney HEK-293 is known express several neuronal proteins believed of origin. We hypothesized that could susceptible virus, which highly neurotropic.First we tested sensitivity cells laboratory strain, challenge standard (CVS)....

Purpose: Immunization against rabies in humans induces protective neutralizing antibodies; however, the induction of type 1 or 2 cytokine mediated cellular immune responses following vaccination is not understood.Hence, present study investigated vaccinated individuals. Materials and Methods:The groups included healthy antigen naive controls (n =10), individuals who received intradermal primary =10) booster pre-exposure =20) subjects postexposure either by (n=18) intramuscular (n=20)...