In most natural and engineered systems, a set of entities interact with each other in complicated patterns that can encompass multiple types relationships, change time include complications. Such systems subsystems layers connectivity, it is important to take such 'multilayer' features into account try improve our understanding complex systems. Consequently, necessary generalize 'traditional' network theory by developing (and validating) framework associated tools study multilayer...

An analytical statistical-physical approach that is low in computational complexity, but high accuracy now available for theoretical studies of how behaviors, opinions, and infectious diseases spread among human populations.

From transportation networks to complex infrastructures, and social communication networks, a large variety of systems can be described in terms multiplexes formed by set nodes interacting through different (layers). Multiplexes may display an increased fragility with respect the single layers that constitute them. However, so far overlap links has been mostly neglected, despite fact it is ubiquitous phenomenon most multiplexes. Here we show among improve robustness interdependent multiplex...

The average avalanche size in the Watts model of threshold dynamics on random networks arbitrary degree distribution is determined analytically. Existence criteria for global cascades are shown to depend sensitively initial seed disturbance. dependence cascade upon mean $z$ network known exhibit several transitions---these typically continuous at low and discontinuous high $z$; here it demonstrated that low-$z$ transition may fact be certain parameter regimes. Connections between these...

Binary-state dynamics (such as the susceptible-infected-susceptible (SIS) model of disease spread, or Glauber spin dynamics) on random networks are accurately approximated using master equations. Standard mean-field and pairwise theories shown to result from seeking approximate solutions Applications calculation SIS epidemic thresholds critical points non-equilibrium models also demonstrated.

An analytical approach to determining the mean avalanche size in a broad class of dynamical models on random networks is introduced. Previous results percolation transitions and epidemic sizes are shown be special cases method. The time-dependence cascades extensions with community structure or degree-degree correlations discussed. Analytical for rate spread innovations modular network k cores confirmed numerical simulations.

Single nanopore electrodes and electrode arrays have been fabricated using a focused ion beam (FIB) method. High aspect ratio pores (approximately 150-400-nm diameter 500-nm depth) were direct-write local milling of silicon nitride layer over buried platinum electrode. This results in formation recessed at the base each nanopore. The electrochemical properties these metal characterized by voltammetry. Steady-state voltammograms obtained for range array sizes as well single electrodes....

We consider a simplified model of social network in which individuals have one two opinions (called 0 and 1) their the connections coevolve. Edges are picked at random. If connected hold different then, with probability 1 - α , imitates opinion other; otherwise (i.e., ), link between them is broken makes new connection to an individual chosen random ( i ) from those same or ii as whole. The evolution system stops when there no longer any discordant edges connecting opinions. Letting ρ be...

Heavy-tailed distributions of meme popularity occur naturally in a model diffusion on social networks. Competition between multiple memes for the limited resource user attention is identified as mechanism that poises system at criticality. The growth each described by critical branching process, and asymptotic analysis predicts power-law with very heavy tails (exponent $\ensuremath{\alpha}<2$, unlike preferential-attachment models), similar to those seen empirical data.

Modern society is permeated by systems with many numbers of nodes and connections (e.g., rail networks, airports). A theoretical study the multiplex network consisting European Union air routes London transportation system demonstrates fragility such a network.

Online social media have greatly affected the way in which we communicate with each other. However, little is known about what are fundamental mechanisms driving dynamical information flow online systems. Here, introduce a generative model for sharing behavior that analytically tractable and can reproduce several characteristics of empirical micro-blogging data on hashtag usage, such as (time-dependent) heavy-tailed distributions meme popularity. The presented framework constitutes null...

Mean-field analysis is an important tool for understanding dynamics on complex networks. However, surprisingly little attention has been paid to the question of whether mean-field predictions are accurate, and this particularly true real-world networks with clustering modular structure. In paper, we compare numerical simulation results dynamical processes running 21 demonstrate that accuracy theory depends not only mean degree but also first-neighbor degree. We show can give (unexpectedly)...

We demonstrate that a tree-based theory for various dynamical processes operating on static, undirected networks yields extremely accurate results several with high levels of clustering. find such works well as long the mean intervertex distance $\ensuremath{\ell}$ is sufficiently small---that is, it close to value in random network negligible clustering and same degree-degree correlations. support this hypothesis numerically using both real-world from domains classes synthetic clustered...

Human activities increasingly take place in online environments, providing novel opportunities for relating individual behaviours to population-level outcomes. In this paper, we introduce a simple generative model the collective behaviour of millions social networking site users who are deciding between different software applications. Our incorporates two distinct components: one is associated with recent decisions users, and other reflects cumulative popularity each application....

The spread of ideas across a social network can be studied using complex contagion models, in which agents are activated by contact with multiple neighbors. investigation contagions provide crucial insights into influence and behavior-adoption cascades on networks. In this paper, we introduce model multi-stage Agents at different stages—which could, for example, represent differing levels support movement or commitment to certain product idea—exert amounts their We demonstrate that the...

Continuous-time Markov process models of contagions are widely studied, not least because their utility in predicting the evolution real-world and formulating control measures. It is often case, however, that discrete-time approaches employed to analyze such or simulate them numerically. In cases, time discretized into uniform steps transition rates between states replaced by probabilities. this paper, we illustrate potential limitations approach. We show how discretizing leads a restriction...

Continuous flow microreactors with an annular microchannel for cyclical chemical reactions were fabricated by either bulk micromachining in silicon or rapid prototyping using EPON SU-8. Fluid propulsion these unusual microchannels was achieved AC magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) actuation. This integrated micropumping mechanism obviates the use of moving parts acting locally on electrolyte, exploiting its inherent conductive nature. Both and SU-8 capable MHD actuation, attaining fluid velocities...

The question of how clustering (nonzero density triangles) in networks affects their bond percolation threshold has important applications a variety disciplines. Recent advances modeling highly clustered are employed here to analytically study the threshold. In comparison an unclustered network with same degree distribution and correlation structure, presence triangles these model is shown lead larger (i.e. increases epidemic or decreases resilience random edge deletion).

We present an analytical approach to determining the expected cascade size in a broad range of dynamical models on class random networks with arbitrary degree distribution and nonzero clustering introduced previously [M. E. J. Newman, Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 058701 (2009)]. A condition for existence global cascades is derived as well general criterion that determines whether increasing level will increase, or decrease, size. Applications, examples which are provided, include site percolation,...

Analytical results are derived for the bond percolation threshold and size of giant connected component in a class random networks with nonzero clustering. The network's degree distribution clustering spectrum may be prescribed theoretical match well numerical simulations on both synthetic real-world networks.

Smartphones and tablets are easily lost or stolen. This makes them susceptible to an inexpensive class of memory attacks, such as cold-boot using a bus monitor observe the bus, DMA attacks. paper describes Sentry, system that allows applications OS components store their code data on System-on-Chip (SoC) rather than in DRAM. We use ARM-specific mechanisms originally designed for embedded systems, but still present today's mobile devices, protect subsystems from