Ultra-dense HetNets (UDN)-based Millimeter-Wave (mmWave) massive MIMO is considered a promising technology for 5th generation (5G) wireless communications systems since it can offer massively available bandwidth and improve energy efficiency (EE) substantially. However, in UDN, the power consumption of system increases sharply with increase network density. In this paper, we investigate optimization EE mmWave UDN. To develop functions MIMO, first propose model where harvests electromagnetic...

We investigate the activity detection and channel estimation issues for cell-free Internet of Things (IoT) networks with massive random access. In each time slot, only partial devices are active communicate neighboring access points (APs) using non-orthogonal pilot sequences. Different from centralized processing in cellular networks, IoT is more challenging due to distributed user-centric architecture. propose a two-stage approach detect activities estimate their states. first stage, device...

In this article, a cooperative non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) mobile edge computing (MEC) network aided by reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) and simultaneous wireless information power transfer (SWIPT) is considered, where the transmitters offload parts of their tasks to MEC server via relay an RIS for enhancing transmission environment. The goal minimize task delay energy consumption considered networks jointly designing RIS's reflection beamforming vector, splitting (PS)...

<title>Abstract</title> In the context where social media emerges as a pivotal platform for movements and shaping public opinion, accurately simulating predicting dynamics of user opinions is significant importance. Such insights are vital understanding phenomena, informing policy decisions, guiding opinion. Unfortunately, traditional simulation approaches struggle. This study proposes groundbreaking solution to address this issue: Fusing Dynamics Equation-Large Language Model (FDE-LLM)...

This paper considers the application of non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) into cooperative cognitive radio (CR) networks with simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT). For NOMA in CR SWIPT, relay harvests transmission from secondary transmitter splitting scheme, while fixed allocation scheme is used for protocol. The closed-form analytical expression overall outage probability proposed derived, as well its diversity order at high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) region...

This study focuses on a novel humidity sensor composed of graphene-oxide (GO)-supported MoTe2 nanosheets. Conductive Ag electrodes were formed PET substrates by inkjet printing. A thin film GO-MoTe2 was deposited the electrode used for adsorbing humidity. The experiment's results demonstrate that are attached to GO nanosheets uniformly and tightly. capacitive output sensors with various ratios GO/MoTe2 has been tested different levels (11.3-97.3%RH) at room temperature (25 °C). As...

In this article, we investigate the energy efficiency (EE) of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) aided cell-free ultra-dense HetNets (CFUDN). To maximize EE CFUDN, users (UEs) association and clustering, RISs subsurface (SSF) associations are carefully designed. Then, phase shift matrix transmission power base stations (BSs) jointly optimized. Due to non-convexity high complexity formulated problem, optimized problem is usually difficult solve. At present, most commonly adopted...

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) acting as users to access the cellular network over millimeter wave (mmWave) spectrum form a promising solution guarantee high data rate transmission. Due narrow beams in mmWave systems and mobility of UAVs, key challenge UAV communications is design efficient seamless handover schemes, especially windy scenarios. In this paper, we first investigate signaling interaction procedure hard strategy 3GPP 5G new radio (NR) standard. For providing better connectivity...

In this paper, a new conditional power and rate adaptation scheme for orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems is proposed in the presence of carrier frequency offset (CFO), with perfect imperfect channel state information (CSI). The conventional adaptive shown to be special case conditionally technique that enables resulting nonconvex optimization problem, which solved feasible way. It leads solution optimal maximizes spectral efficiency an OFDM system using M-ary...

In this article, the effect of power and rate adaptation on spectral efficiency orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems using M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (MQAM) is investigated in presence selective very rapidly time-varying fading channels, under instantaneous bit error (BER) constraints. Lower bounds maximum adaptive OFDM/MQAM with perfect imperfect channel state information (CSI) are obtained, together a closed-form expression for average OFDM systems. The...

Realizing imaging detection of water and nitrogen content in different regions plant leaves in-site real-time can provide an efficient new technology for determining crop drought resistance nutrient regulation mechanisms, or use precision agriculture. Near-infrared is the preferred in-situ owing to its non-destructive nature; moreover, it provides rich information. However, hyperspectral limited as difficult field because high weight power.We developed a smart device using near-infrared...

In this paper, rate and subcarrier bandwidth adaptation (RSBA) on the average spectral efficiency of orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems using M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM) is investigated in presence frequency-selective very rapidly time-varying fading channels. The closed-form expressions for capacity with perfect channel state information (CSI) imperfect CSI are derived. caused jointly by estimation error unavoidable delay between when estimated...

Characteristics and mechanism of initial continuous current (ICC) pulses M components in rocket-triggered lightning were investigated detailed. The geometric mean peak, risetime from 10% to 90% half-peak width, charge transfer 400 A, 207 μs, 267 0.19 C, respectively, exhibiting more pronounced impulsive feature than ICC which the counterpart parameters 190 462 845 0.27 respectively. A shorter time interval between prior return stroke (RS) following component (TRS-M) facilitated a stronger...

With the proliferation of Internet things (IoT) applications, massive machine-type connections (MTCs) bring great challenges to traditional cellular networks, wherein cell-boundary devices with severe path-loss and inter-cell interference normally suffer from poor performance. By contrast, cell-free MIMO is a promising technique support MTCs, since its user-centric architecture can shorten distance between access points, boost network coverage performance significantly. In this article, we...

With the wide application of deep learning (DL) across various fields, joint source–channel coding (DeepJSCC) schemes have emerged as a new approach for image transmission. Compared with traditional separated source and CC (SSCC) schemes, DeepJSCC is more robust to channel environment. To address limited sensing capability individual devices, distributed cooperative transmission implemented among edge devices. However, this significantly increases communication overhead. In addition,...