SUMMARY Successful crop production depends initially on the availability of high-quality seed. By 2050 global climate change will have influenced yields, but these changes affect seed quality? The present review examines effects elevated carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and temperature during three quality components: mass, germination vigour. In response to CO , mass has been reported both increase decrease in C 3 plants, not 4 plants. Increases are greater legumes than non-legumes, there is...

The seed is the carrier of genetic improvements brought about by modern plant breeding, and production carried out in accordance with certification systems to guarantee consistent high quality. In forage legumes, breeding efforts are primarily related vegetative development plant, although commercial success an agronomically superior cultivar dependent on a reliable supply competitively priced seed. three most important alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), white clover (Trifolium repens red...

Soil-borne plant pathogens such as Rhizoctonia solani (Kuhn), Pythium ultimum (Trow) and Sclerotinia trifoliorum (Eriks) can reduce grass forage legume establishment. The potential for biocontrol of these by Trichoderma fungi was evaluated. Following dual culture assays, nine isolates (five atroviride one each hamatum, koningiopsis, viride virens) were chosen assessment in pot experiments. In the presence R. solani, perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) emergence increased 60–150% two T....

Food security depends on seed and the international industry must be able to continue deliver quantities of quality required for this purpose. Abiotic stress resulting from climate change, particularly elevated temperature water stress, will reduce yield quality. Options adapt change include moving sites production, changing sowing date, development cultivars with traits which allow them conditions. However, ability growers make these changes is directly linked system. In formal system...

In eukaryotic systems, membrane-bound NADPH oxidases (Nox) generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a part of normal physiological functions. the soil-borne mycoparasitic and plant facultative symbiont Trichoderma atroviride, Nox1 regulator NoxR are involved in differentiation induced by mechanical damage, while role Nox2 has not been determined. The knock-out strains ∆nox1, ∆noxR ∆nox2 were compared to parental strain (WT) their ability grow conidiate under series stress conditions...

Some volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by microorganisms have the ability to inhibit growth and development of plant pathogens, induce activation defenses, promote growth. Among them, 6-pentyl-alpha-pyrone (6-PP), a ketone Trichoderma fungi, has emerged as focal point interest. 6-PP been isolated characterized from thirteen species is main VOC produced, often accounting for >50% total VOCs emitted. This review examines abiotic biotic interactions regulating production , known...

Abstract Perithecia of Mycosphaerella graminicola (Fuckel) Schroeter and Leptosphaeria nodorum Müller developed on the dead leaves wheat stubble soon after harvest. The ascosporeswere liberated in presence free water leaf surface. They were still being 8 months harvest, when spore-trapping stopped. It is suggested that wind-borne ascospores initiate infections young crops growing at a distance from stubble.

Paenibacillus isolate P16 has been identified as a promising biological control agent for black rot (Xanthomonas campestris pv. or Xcc) in cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata). The mode of action this isolate, particular its ability to induce systemic resistance (ISR) was investigated. Cabbage seedlings (2 and 4-weeks old) grown from seeds treated with were challenged Xcc at two different concentrations, 1 × 106, 109 CFU/ml. A reduction disease severity observed P16-treated compared the...

Diamondback moth (DBM) is an important horticultural pest worldwide as the larvae of these moths feed on leaves cruciferous vegetables. As DBM has developed resistance to more than 100 classes synthetic insecticides, new biological control options are urgently required.

Trichoderma spp. produce multiple bioactive volatile organic compounds (VOCs). While the bioactivity of VOCs from different species is well documented, information on intraspecific variation limited. The fungistatic activity emitted by 59 sp. "atroviride B" isolates against pathogen Rhizoctonia solani was investigated. Eight representing two extremes R. were also assessed Alternaria radicina, Fusarium oxysporum f. lycopersici and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. profiles these eight analyzed using...

This study, using RT‐PCR, is the first comprehensive assessment since 1991 of a generic detection method for Luteoviridae . Thirteen species were detected three separate sets low‐degeneracy primers with RT‐PCR to amplify 68‐, 75‐ and 129/156‐bp regions coat‐protein gene. Species include all members genus Luteovirus [ Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) ‐PAV , BYDV‐PAS, BYDV‐MAV (129 and/or 156 bp amplicons) Soybean virus, Bean leafroll (68 amplicon)] eight nine from Polerovirus Beet western...

Abstract In two consecutive seasons, forage rape ( Brassica napus L.) plants were exposed to short periods (240°C hr) of heat stress (30°C day/25°C night) during seed filling (80% moisture content = S1), at physiological maturity (50% S2) and both S1 plus S2 (=S3) in a Biotron before being returned the field until harvest. Seeds hand harvested 14% their quality assessed by measuring germination, vigour (using accelerated ageing conductivity tests) mass (as determined thousand weight). Heat...

Some entomopathogenic fungi such as Metarhizium and Beauveria not only have the ability to infect kill insects but also capability associate with plant roots. The potential benefits from this plant-fungus association include nutrient acquisition, growth promotion protection against stressors. objective of study was evaluate delivery in seed coating determine whether fungal presence affected maize performance. Additionally, biocontrol assessed terms resistance larvae Costelytra giveni...

Many cool-season grasses form permanent, mutualistic symbioses with asexual Epichloë endophytes. These fungal symbionts often perform a protective role within the association as many strains produce secondary metabolites that deter certain mammalian and invertebrate herbivores. Although initially serious issue for agriculture, due to toxins manifested in major animal health issues, selected provide abiotic stress protection plants minimal ill effects livestock are now commercialized...

Abstract Application at spikelet initiation of the growth retardant paclobutrazol (PP333) a rate 2.0 kg a.i. ha −1 increased seed yield perennial ryegrass cv. S24 from 139 to 180 g m −2 in 1981, and 111 256 1982. Yield increases were associated with an production fertile tillers both years number seeds per Other components not changed. Seed increasing PP333 application years. No significant difference was recorded between floret 1981. Lodging prevented completely by 2.0‐kg rate, delayed...

Abstract A short period (240°C hr; Tb = 25°C) of heat stress (30°C day/25°C night) during forage rape ( Brassica napus L.) seed development or at physiological maturity can reduce vigour, but the extent oxidative damage associated with this was not known. Heat‐stressed seeds were assessed for malondialdehyde (MDA) content, hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O ) accumulation, antioxidant enzyme activity, adenylate energy charge and ultrastructural integrity, compared that non‐heat‐stressed seeds. Heat...

The interactions of crops with root-colonizing endophytic microorganisms are highly relevant to agriculture, because endophytes can modify plant resistance pests and increase crop yields. We investigated the between host Zea mays fungus Trichoderma virens at 5 days postinoculation grown in a hydroponic system. Wild-type T. two knockout mutants, deletion genes tv2og1 or vir4 involved specialized metabolism, were analyzed. Root colonization by fungal mutants was lower than that wild type. All...

Although presowing hydration treatments are known to be capable of improving the germination performance wheat seeds, no comprehensive information is available, especially with regard effectiveness such on seeds subjected deterioration under different conditions. This study reports an attempt understand responses a single high‐quality seed lot ( Triticum aestivum L.) two storage regimes (100% relative humidity, 40 °C for up 6 d or at constant moisture content 0.15 g H 2 O −1 fresh weight 35...