Accurate muscle reconstructions can offer new information on the anatomy of fossil organisms and are also important for biomechanical analysis (multibody dynamics finite-element (FEA)). For sake simplicity, muscles often modelled as point-to-point strands or frustra (cut-off cones) in models. However, there cases which it is useful to model morphology three dimensions, better examine effects shape size. This especially analyses, where force estimated from reconstructed (rather than based...

Aims The liner design is a key determinant of the constraint reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (rTSA). aim this study was to compare degree rTSA liners between different implant systems. Methods An company’s independent 3D planning software (mediCAD v. 7.0, module 2.1.84.173.43) used determine jump height standard and constrained sizes (radius curvature) all available companies. obtained parameters were calculate stability ratio (degree constraint) angle coverage glenosphere by liner)...

Salamanders are often used as analogs for early tetrapods in paleontological reconstructions of locomotion. However, concerns have been raised about whether this comparison is justifiable, necessitating comparisons a broader range with salamanders. Here, we test the osteological morphology hindlimb tetrapod (temnospondyl amphibian) Eryops megacephalus could facilitated sequence limb configurations by salamanders during terrestrial To do so, present new method that enables examination full...

Many physiological, biomechanical, evolutionary and clinical studies that explore skeletal structure function require successful separation of trabecular from cortical compartments a bone has been imaged by X-ray micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) prior to analysis. Separation often involves manual subdivision these two similarly radio-opaque compartments, which can be time-consuming subjective. We have developed an objective, semi-automated protocol reduces user bias enables...

Abstract Worldwide research groups and funding bodies have highlighted the need for imaging biomarkers to predict osteoarthritis (OA) progression treatment effectiveness. Changes in trabecular architecture, which can be detected with non‐destructive high‐resolution CT imaging, may reveal OA before apparent articular surface damage. Here, we analysed tibial epiphyses of STR/Ort (OA‐prone) CBA (healthy, parental control) mice at different ages characterise effects mouse age strain on multiple...

Background: Constitutional static posterior humeral decentering (type C1 according to ABC Classification) has been recognized as a pre–osteoarthritic deformity that may lead early-onset osteoarthritis at young age. Therefore, it is important identify possible associations of this pathologic shoulder condition find more effective treatment options. Purpose: To perform comprehensive analysis all parameters reported be associated with shoulder—including the osseous morphology, scapulothoracic...

Abstract Bone healing is an important survival mechanism, allowing vertebrates to recover from injury and disease. Here we describe newly recognized paleopathologies in the hindlimbs of early tetrapods Crassigyrinus scoticus Eoherpeton watsoni Carboniferous Cowdenbeath, Scotland. These pathologies are among oldest known instances bone tetrapod limb bones fossil record (about 325 Ma). X-ray microtomographic imaging internal structure these lesions shows that they characterized by a mass...

Many invertebrates reproduce asexually by budding, but morphogenesis and the role of cell proliferation in this diverse nonconserved regeneration-like process are generally poorly understood particularly little investigated didemnid ascidians. We here analyzed patterns telomerase activity during budding colonial ascidian Diplosoma listerianum, with special focus on thoracic bud where a new brain develops de novo. To help define developmental stages bud, distribution acetylated tubulin was...

Abstract Joint range of motion (RoM) analyses are fundamental to our understanding how an animal moves throughout its ecosystem. Recent technological advances allow for more detailed quantification this RoM (e.g. including interaction degrees freedom) both in ex vivo joints and experiments. Both types data have been used draw comparisons with fossils reconstruct locomotion. Salamanders often as analogues early tetrapod locomotion; testing such hypotheses requires in‐depth analysis salamander...

ABSTRACT The Carboniferous tetrapod Crassigyrinus scoticus is an enigmatic animal in terms of its morphology and phylogenetic position. had extremely reduced forelimbs, was aquatic, perhaps secondarily. Recent analyses tentatively place close to the whatcheeriids. Many tetrapods exhibit several characteristics associated with terrestrial locomotion, much research has focused on how this novel locomotor mode evolved. However, estimate selective pressures constraints during important time...

Besides manatees, the suspensory extant 'tree sloths' are only mammals that deviate from a cervical count (CC) of seven vertebrae. They do so in opposite directions two living genera (increased versus decreased CC). Aberrant CCs seemingly reflect neck mobility both genera, suggesting adaptive significance for their head position during locomotion and especially increased ability torsion three-toed sloths. We test hypotheses comparative evolutionary framework by assessing three-dimensional...

Quantifying joint range of motion (RoM), the reachable poses at a joint, has many applications in research and clinical care. Joint RoM measurements can be used to investigate link between form function extant extinct animals, diagnose musculoskeletal disorders injuries or monitor rehabilitation progress. However, it is difficult visually demonstrate how rotations axes interact produce positions. Here, we introduce spherical frame projection (SFP), which novel 3D visualisation technique,...

Waterfalls are conspicuous geomorphological features with heterogeneous structure, complex dynamics and multiphase flows. Swifts, dippers starlings well-known to nest behind waterfalls, have been reported fly through them. For smaller fliers, by contrast, waterfalls seem represent impenetrable barriers, but associated physical constraints the kinematic responses of volant animals during transit unknown. Here, we describe flight behaviour hummingbirds (the sister group swifts) various insect...