There has been a severely negative impact on soil water resources in temperate forests caused by the introduction of type heavy machinery forestry sector used for forest harvesting operations. These disturbances increase raindrop bare mineral soil, decrease infiltration rate, detach particles, and enhance surface flow. According to several studies, role slope gradient influence runoff loss continues be an issue, therefore more study is needed both laboratory simulations field experiments. It...

Minimizing the impact of timber harvesting on forest stands and soils is one main goals sustainable operation (SFO). Thus, it necessary to make an accurate assessment operations soil that based SFO perspective. The present study was conducted according principles investigate time required for natural recovery after disturbance by skidding in some Iranian forests. physical, chemical, biological properties found abandoned skid trails from different periods were compared with undisturbed soils....

Protection of forest soils during harvesting operations is necessary to reduce damage and accelerate recovery time. The current study aims evaluate soil physical properties, natural regeneration, its process in treatments including slope gradient, traffic intensity skid trail after long periods time, ceasing the timber operations. most recent skidding within each 5 years period were studied for a chronosequence 20 years. Soil samples taken abandoned trails data recorded on naturally...

The diameters and heights of trees are two the most important components in a forest inventory. In some circumstances, need to be estimated due time cost involved measuring them field. Artificial intelligence models have many advantages modeling nonlinear height–diameter relationships trees, which sometimes make more useful than empirical estimating trees. present study, uneven-aged mixed stands high elevation forests northern Iran were using an artificial neural network (ANN) model,...

Compacted soil has lower water infiltration and hydraulic conductivity, which contributes to increased runoff erosion on slopes. The aim of the present study was assess sediment three skidding trail longitudinal gradients (15%, 25%, 35%) different levels machine traffic (low, medium, high), over a two-year period following impact in Hyrcanian forest, Iran. results show that gradient intensity have significant effect bulk density total porosity skid trails. average amount varied significantly...

Tractor-based systems are the most common type of small-scale timber harvesting equipment in Hyrcanian forest, where farm tractors equipped with a 2-wheel trailer typically perform forwarding operations for pulpwood and fuelwood. The objective this study was to evaluate effects different frequencies machine passes on soil bulk density (BD), penetration resistance (PR) total porosity (TP) slope gradient direction (i.e., uphill vs. downhill). study, performed brown silt loam loamy texture,...

Abstract This study took place in a mixed deciduous forest located Northern Iran to investigate the effects of two types silvicultural methods, specifically single‐selection method and group‐selection method. The also included observation skid trails terms runoff, sediment yield, loss NO 3 ‐N PO 4 ‐P. process recovery was studied by assessment these characteristics after completion operations for period years. Although there is considerable amount literature on topic soil erosion caused...

Abstract Among the various species of trees, black alder ( Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.) is one most commonly used trees for reforestation and restoration programs degraded forestlands in Hyrcanian forest, particularly skid trails. The effects with on recovery litter (thickness, C, N, C/N) soil physicochemical, biochemical, biological, microbial properties trails three levels compactions were examined over a 27‐year period. Results showed that characteristics such as thickness, carbon (C),...

Soil compaction following traffic by heavy-timber harvesting machinery usually causes an increase in soil strength, that is a stress factor negatively affecting the growth of newly germinated seedlings. This study used strength experiment carried out greenhouse to test hypotheses increasing would adversely affect seedling morphology and alter architecture changing biomass allocation patterns. We explored effects loam clay-loam textured with optimal conditions water on continuous scale...

The growth and quality of natural seedlings are important goals forest management in uneven-aged high stands. In this study, the recovery process physical chemical properties soil, as well variables beech on skid trails after skidding operations three time periods (10, 20, 30 years) were investigated Hyrcanian forests Iran. Results revealed that soil (organic C, total N, pH) fully recovered 20 years, while (bulk density, porosity, penetration resistance) not yet even years. values...

Abstract Purpose of Review The comprehensive assessment timber and fuelwood harvesting operations through the consideration three pillars sustainability: Economic, social, environmental has not received much attention. use criteria can significantly improve impact assessment. Therefore, objective this review paper is to compile analyze most commonly used indicators for each dimension sustainability in logging over last 6 years. This provides an overview these different machines, geographical...

Ground-based skidding operations performed with heavy machinery have drastic effects on forest soils, which normally culminate in an increased soil bulk density and removal of the litter layer. We aimed to assess efficacy different tree species recovery physical, chemical, biological properties over a 5-year period Hyrcanian forests, northern Iran. Therefore, treatments included 45 combinations five (undisturbed area—UND, untreated trail or bare soil—U, three leaf types: pure beech—B,...