The measurements by Zagarola & Smits (1998) of mean velocity profiles in fully developed turbulent pipe flow are repeated using a smaller Pitot probe to reduce the uncertainties due gradient corrections. A new static pressure correction (McKeon 2002) is used analysing all data and leads significant differences from conclusions. results confirm presence power-law region near wall and, for Reynolds numbers greater than (as minimum) not affected surface roughness.

It has been suggested that reamed intramedullary nailing of the femur should be avoided in some patients with multiple injuries. We have studied prospectively effect femoral reaming on inflammatory process as implicated pathogenesis acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multiple-organ failure (MOF). changes levels serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) (proinflammatory cytokine), neutrophil CD11b (C3) receptor expression (activated adhesion molecule), soluble intracellular molecule (s-ICAM-1),...

Statistics of the streamwise velocity component in fully developed pipe flow are examined for Reynolds numbers range . Probability density functions do not show any universal behaviour, their higher moments showing small variations with distance from wall outside viscous sublayer. They most nearly Gaussian overlap region. Their departures assessed by examining behaviour as lower ones. Spectra and second moment compared empirical theoretical scaling laws some anomalies apparent. In...

The premises upon which simple methods for estimating an individual's maximum oxygen intake are based have boon tested. These : (a) that heart rate and linear functions of each other throughout the entire range work up to ; (b) individual deviates very little from mean straight line relating oxygon population, so a task performed against gravity can be estimated with reasonable precision (c) variability round population is sufficiently small use moan in routine test procedure without...

At least five separate determinations were made of oxygen intake and heart rates at various levels work on a bicycle ergometer, up to above the maximum level O 2 four highly trained men. From these measurements it has been possible fit appropriate curves experimental data test for their goodness fit. low straight line fits both rate plots against rate, but high tend toward an asymptote. The curve reaches its asymptote more slowly than does rate; hence, if is plotted fitted extrapolated value...

Thirty male and twenty-six female Caucasians were tested at work levels of 1.0 liters O 2 consumption in 90 F wet-bulb temperature, 93 dry-bulb 80 ft/min air velocity for comparative heat reactions the unacclimatized state. The females had more severe physiological psychological reactions. Rectal temperatures 104 heart rates 180 beat/min reached rapidly than male. sweated less their oxygen consumptions lower those males. Ten males four then acclimatized to same extent rate temperature. At...

Six volunteers raised their rectal temperatures to 104℉ by 40–50 minutes' work at 93℉ wet-bulb temperature. The rates of fall in were studied during cooling six different methods. most rapid method occurred when subjects sat rest an air condition 90℉ dry bulb and 87℉ wet evaporative was accelerated wetting the body surface continuously for 1 hour; no significant difference observed between airflows 120 ft/min. a jet compressed held 1–3 ft from subjects. Merely seating individuals conditions...

Oxygen consumptions were measured at various levels of work up to the individual's maximum. At submaximal they significantly lower in heat than comfortable temperatures, but maximum oxygen intakes not different. In conditions cardiac output and A-V difference both contributed rise intake during work. maximal effort increase arteriovenous accounted for ultimate intake. Both heart rate stroke volume 1.0 liters/min intake; above this was sole factor. major change hemodynamics an with associated...

Abstract The coherent structures of a turbulent wake generated behind bluff three-dimensional axisymmetric body are investigated experimentally at diameter-based Reynolds number $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq \ge =\geqslant \geq \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {Fr}}\def \Rey {Re}}{\sim }2\times 10^5$ . Proper orthogonal decomposition base pressure measurements indicates that the most energetic retain structure symmetry-breaking...

A specific feature of three-dimensional bluff body wakes, flow bistability, is a subject particular recent interest. This consists random flipping the wake between two asymmetric configurations and believed to contribute pressure drag many bodies. In this study we apply modelling approach recently suggested for axisymmetric bodies by Rigas et al. ( J. Fluid Mech. , vol. 778, 2015, R2) reflectional symmetry-breaking modes rectilinear wake. We demonstrate validity model its Reynolds number...

A modelling methodology to reproduce the experimental measurements of a turbulent flow in presence symmetry is presented. The three-dimensional wake generated by an axisymmetric body. We show that dynamics can be assimilated nonlinear two-dimensional Langevin equation, deterministic part which accounts for broken symmetries occur laminar and transitional regimes at low Reynolds numbers stochastic fluctuations. Comparison between theoretical results allows extraction model parameters.

A study has been made of the cold adaptation Kalahari Bushmen under natural conditions at an air temperature 10°–12°C. completely 'wild' Bushman had a fall in total heat content, measured by change core and surface temperatures, similar to Europeans. Core fell more than Europeans, but less. The subjects were exposed, naked, rest 12°C for 2 1/2 hours. Surface temperatures another sleeping cloak beside his fire followed from 10 p.m. until 6 a.m. 12°–13°C temperature. Air over trunk was...

Maximum oxygen intake per kilogram body weight of Caucasian, Bantu, and Bushmen males in a similar state physical training are not significantly different, being about 48 ml/min kg. This figure is to that Robinson's Negro sharecroppers the U. S. Army recruits Taylor et al. Very highly trained men, i.e., Åstrand's gymnasts international class athletes, have higher values. Landy's 76 Sedentary existence reduces this 40 Oxygen consumption plotted against work rate lower for Bantu men than...

Heat reactions of 20 Caucasian and 22 Bantu males were compared, first in the unacclimatized state then acclimatized state. The study was conducted at temperatures 90 F wet-bulb 93 dry-bulb a work rate 1 liter O 2 /min consumption. performances superior to those Caucasians. All completed 4-hr experiment, while 10 Caucasians failed. mean rectal temperature significantly lower than that Caucasians, but not heart sweat rate. When both groups highly all men from their heat different Sweat rates,...

Measurements of wall-pressure fluctuations have been made in the flow behind a backward-facing step, with permeable reattachment surface Different configurations are tried, most successful producing reduction peak rms pressure fluctuation about 13% and drag 9%. Spectra show that attenuation occurs at low frequendes, particular, flapping frequency (n ≃ 0.1) is effectively removed. The main reason for this appears to be inhibits upstream convection disturbances produced Structural...

The streamwise velocity component in turbulent pipe flow is assessed to determine whether it exhibits asymptotic behaviour that indicative of high Reynolds numbers. both the mean (in form log law) and second moment outer overlap regions consistent with development spectral which indicate inertial scaling. It shown an 'inertial sublayer' physical space may be considered as a spatial analogue subrange spectrum such only appears for numbers R+>5 x 10(3), approximately, much higher than was...

The nature of the interaction between inner and outer regions turbulent wall-bounded flow is examined. Townsend's theory inactive motion shown to be a first-order, linear approximation effect large eddies at surface that acts as quasi-inviscid, low-frequency modulation shear-stress-bearing motion. This 'strong' asymptotic condition directly expresses decoupling inner-scale active from outer-scale It further such vorticity fields near wall inappropriate, even high Reynolds numbers, 'weak'...

New physiological criteria are put forward for setting the limits men at work in hot conditions. They based upon fact that curves relating rectal temperatures to conductances and sweat rates have two components. One is where increases conductances, with rise temperature, relatively large, i.e., there a “sensitive” range of control; second against reach asymptotes, become “saturated.” The upper limit sensitive temperature 100.5 F (38.1 C), saturated begins 102.5 (39.4 C). These concepts...

A high-frequency periodic jet, issuing immediately below the point of separation, is used to force turbulent wake a bluff axisymmetric body, its axis aligned with free stream. It shown that base pressure may be varied more or less at will: forcing frequencies several times shear layer frequency, time-averaged area-weighted increases by as much 35 %. An investigation effects made using random and phase-locked two-component particle image velocimetry (PIV), modal decomposition fluctuations on...