Abstract IFN-gamma is an important mediator of cellular resistance against microbial pathogens and tumor cells due in part to its potent capacity activate macrophages for enhanced cytotoxicity. The present study demonstrates that TNF-alpha regulates the expression antimicrobial activity by triggering primed kill or inhibit intracellular Toxoplasma gondii. Resident mouse stimulated with rIFN-gamma at levels up 2500 U/ml failed display antitoxoplasmal when cultured vitro under low endotoxin...

The space-time evolution of intraseasonal convection and circulation anomalies in the 10-25-day period range over East Asia western North-Pacific Monsoon regions are explored for four early summer seasons from 1991 to 1994. paper primarily focuses on linkage between tropical South China Sea, lower-tropospheric Asian subtropics this time scale. composite results show that quasi-periodic fluctuations scale associated with large-scale Asian-Pacific region. development subtropical takes place...

Lipoarabinomannan (LAM) is the major arabinose- and mannose-containing phosphorylated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mycobacterial cell walls. LAM preparations from a virulent strain (Erdman) (LAM(Erdman)) an attenuated (H37Ra) (LAMH37Ra) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, as well M. leprae (a mycobacterium), were analyzed for their effects on various macrophage (M phi) effector functions. LAMH37Ra, like gram-negative LPS, exhibited dose-dependent ability to induce tumor necrosis factor alpha...

Multidrug therapy has effectively reduced the number of leprosy cases in world. However, rate reduction decelerated over years, giving early detection Mycobacterium leprae and epidemiological study relapse renewed relevance attempts to eliminate disease.A molecular survey for drug-resistant M. was conducted central highland regions Vietnam. A total 423 samples taken from patients, including 83 patients with new cases, 321 receiving treatment, 19 relapse, were studied mutations relating drug...

This article reviews the major outcomes of a 5-year (2011–2016) project using K computer to perform global numerical atmospheric simulations based on non-hydrostatic icosahedral model (NICAM). The was made available public in September 2012 and used as primary resource for Japan's Strategic Programs Innovative Research (SPIRE), an initiative investigate five strategic research areas; NICAM fell under area climate weather simulation sciences. Combining with high-performance computing has...

This study investigated water balance components in the three major river basins of Siberia (the Lena, Yenisey, and Ob) based on National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)–Department Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project II (AMIP-II) reanalysis. The primary focus is nature interannual signatures summer precipitation, moisture convergence, runoff individual basins, their linkage to large-scale transport circulation fields over northern Eurasia from 1979 1995....

Ten years (1986-1995) of ECMWF analyses and NOAA outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) data were used to investigate intraseasonal tropical-extratropical interactions on timescales 10-25 days in the western Pacific region during Northern Hemisphere (NH) summer. Composite performed separately for early summer (June-July) mid-summer (August). The based OLR index base (the South China Sea), help describe seasonal characteristics circulation associated with tropical convection. Localized...

An extraordinarily heavy rain event occurred in northern Vietnam from 30 October to 1 November 2008. The three consecutive days of extremely resulted the worst flooding Hanoi, capital Vietnam, and its environs 24 years. Results analysis Japan Meteorological Agency Climate Data Assimilation System (JCDAS) re-analysis data show that a synoptic-scale tropical wave disturbance formed over South China Sea traveled northwestward eastern coast Indochinese Peninsula, brought rainfall Vietnam. In...

The present study examined the atmospheric circulations leading to extraordinary heavy precipitation event that occurred in central Vietnam during 2-5 October 2010. Results from an analysis of data Japan Meteorological Agency Climate Data Assimilation System (JCDAS) showed combined effects a westward-propagating synoptic-scale tropical disturbance western Pacific and eastward propagation strong active phase Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO) Indian Ocean were primary causes. Investigation MJO...

Oscillation between relatively dry and wet extremes is a noteworthy characteristic of the interannual variability in summer precipitation over Siberia. Recently, we identified an out‐of‐phase relationship temporal signature basin‐scale eastern western Siberia (ES WS). This east‐west seesaw has been especially pronounced during past 30 years. The spatial structure large‐scale circulation anomalies associated with this characterized by dipole across northern Eurasia. We extended our work to...

The impact of northerly surges the East Asian winter monsoon on tropical cyclogenesis over eastern Indian Ocean and maritime continent was examined for 6-month period October to March from 1979/1980 2006/2007 based case studies lag-composite analysis. We focused long-lasting surge events at 6- 30-day (sub-monthly or intraseasonal) time scales South China Sea. In addition, we seasonal differences in Sea atmospheric circulation.The results show that occur frequently March. Long-lasting intrude...

This study examines wave disturbances on submonthly (6–30-day) timescales over the tropical Indian Ocean during Southern Hemisphere summer using Japanese Reanalysis (JRA25-JCDAS) products and National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration outgoing longwave radiation data. The analysis period is December–February for 29 years from 1979/1980 through 2007/2008. An extended empirical orthogonal function (EEOF) of daily 850-hPa meridional wind anomalies reveals a well-organized wave-train pattern as...

Abstract This study identifies intraseasonal oscillations in summer precipitation over northern Eurasia using multi‐channel singular spectrum analysis (MSSA) and a gridded daily data set for Eurasia. The period is June–August of 1979–2002. Empirical orthogonal function was first performed on 8‐day low‐pass‐filtered anomalies at 2.5° grid resolution Eurasia; MSSA then carried out the ten leading principal components (PCs). Three quasi‐periodic with timescales 45, 15, 9 days were identified....

Abstract A method is introduced for diagnosing the time evolution of wave energy associated with ENSO from an ocean reanalysis. In diagnosis, changes kinetic and available potential are mainly represented by inputs caused surface wind stress horizontal fluxes each vertically decomposed normal mode. The resulting evolutions vertical thermocline displacements in 1997/98 2014–16 El Niño events consistent our previous knowledge these events. Further, result indicated that representation several...

The role of extratropical waves in the excitation tropical on submonthly timescales is explored along Indian Ocean Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) during austral summer using Japanese Reanalysis products and NOAA outgoing longwave radiation data. analysis period DecemberŰFebruary 1979/1980 to 2008/2009. are regarded as a type Rossby wave propagating mean monsoon westerly flow. They play an important modulating ITCZ convection. linkage between waves, which responsible for formation...

Abstract Meridional wind surges from the extratropics into Tropics strongly regulate tropical convective activity. This paper confirms that extratropical forcing manifested as a meridional surge does modulate atmosphere over eastern Indian Ocean, and it describes tropical–extratropical connection in region. Surges lower on submonthly (6–25 days) time scales Ocean were examined tandem with associated convection large-scale atmospheric fields during Southern Hemisphere (SH) winter...

Abstract The structure and characteristics of tropical synoptic‐scale wave disturbances over the Maritime Continent (MC) northern Australia during Southern Hemisphere summer are analyzed. waves identified by an extended empirical orthogonal function analysis on 2‐ to 8‐day‐filtered daily 850‐hPa meridional wind anomalies December–February for period 1979–2016. Extended function‐based composite analyses various fields reveal a train, with well‐organized structure, which is coupled deep...

Lower‐tropospheric southerly surges occurring at submonthly timescales over the eastern Indian Ocean (EIO) during Southern Hemisphere (SH) winter are extratropical‐tropical interaction phenomena involving various processes. This study examined physical mechanism driving equatorial wave disturbances associated with surge‐induced cross‐equatorial flow EIO. Japanese 25‐Year Reanalysis (JRA25) and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Satellite (TRMM) 3B42 data products from June to August for 7...

Abstract BDF1 mice were immunized with a protein antigen, such as ovalbumin (OA) or keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), absorbed to aluminum hydroxide gel, and their spleen cells stimulated by homologous antigen for the formation of glycosylation-enhancing factor (GEF). It was found that GEF obtained from OA-primed had affinity OA, whereas those derived KLH-primed KLH. Nonspecific GEF, which stimulation normal pertussis toxin, failed bind OA Both antigen-specific nonspecific are inactivated...

Abstract This study examined the dominant structure and characteristics of synoptic-scale (2–8-day periods) waves over northern Eurasia during 40 summer seasons (June–August, 1979–2018). The wave patterns are isolated using an extended empirical orthogonal function (EEOF) analysis on 300-hPa geopotential height anomalies, a composite based atmospheric circulation fields gridded precipitation product. classified into two types from pairs EEOF modes. These different defined as polar frontal...

Because of the limited chemotherapeutic approaches available to treat reactivated latent Toxoplasma gondii infection manifested as toxoplasmic encephalitis in AIDS patients, investigation novel agents is warranted. Several poloxamers (nonionic block copolymers composed a central hydrophobic chain polyoxypropylene flanked by two hydrophilic chains polyoxyethylene) were tested for their abilities alter course acute with highly virulent T. mice. The effect varied markedly length constituent...