We studied interspecific and ontogenetic relationships between the size of a leaf primary diameter internode bearing it. Although these two variables are known to be strongly correlated across species, form this relationship has not been studied. In re‐analysis published data on comparisons 69 temperate tree we showed existence strong twig cross‐sectional area (before secondary growth) surface leaves borne by it, within each three morphological groups, deciduous angiosperms, evergreen...

Abstract In the mutualism between figs ( Ficus spp., Moraceae) and their species‐specific fig wasp pollinators (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae), location of a receptive host tree by adult insect is critical step. The female lives only few days, must usually fly to different than her natal locate figs. Trees in phase often occur at very low densities. Reproductive success both depends on transmission strong signal plant. Some evidence exists for role olfaction hosts wasps, but little work has been...

The discontinuous gas-exchange cycles (DGCs) observed in many quiescent insects have been a cause of debate for decades, but no consensus on their evolutionary origin or adaptive significance has achieved. Nevertheless, three main hypotheses emerged: ( i ) the hygric hypothesis suggests that DGCs reduce respiratory water loss; ii chthonic facilitate gas exchange during environmental hypoxia, hypercapnia, both; and iii oxidative-damage minimize oxidative tissue damage. However, most work...

Most plant-pollinator interactions are mutualistic, involving rewards provided by flowers or inflorescences to pollinators. Antagonistic interactions, in which offer no rewards, rare and concentrated a few families including Araceae. In the latter, they involve trapping of pollinators, released loaded with pollen but unrewarded. To understand evolution such systems, we compiled data on pollinators types coded 21 characters, interaction type, pollinator order, 19 floral traits. A phylogenetic...

The pollination of Philodendron solimoesense (subgenus Meconostigma) was studied in four populations French Guiana. Flowering is asynchronous within each population during July, and the flowering cycle a 2-d process. Numerous insects visit inflorescences, but main pollinator seems to be Cyclocephala colasi (Scarabaeidae, Dynastinae). process displays aspects typical beetle pollination: production heat strong odor, presence food reward (stigmatic secretion sterile male flowers), copulation...

Low temperatures during winter are one of the main constraints for citrus crop. Polyploid rootstocks can be used improving tolerance to abiotic stresses, such as cold stress. Because produced fruit seedless, using triploid scions is most promising approaches satisfy consumer expectations. In this study, we evaluated how triploidy new varieties influences their sensitivity natural chilling temperatures. We compared behavior that diploid citrus, parents (Fortune mandarin and Ellendale tangor),...

Summary In central Corsica, Helicodiceros muscivorus (Schott ex. K. Koch) produces a protogynous inflorescence that resembles the anal area of dead mammal and foetid scent during few hours after sunrise. Flies enter floral chamber, pollinate female florets become trapped until next morning, when pollen is shed from male flies are released. The exposed appendix exhibits strong, unimodal episode thermogenesis associated with production, reaching maximum 30 °C at 15 ambient temperature. in...

In plant species with an obligate species‐specific pollinator, gamete encounter is a critical phase in the success of reproductive strategies. One key factors encounter, length female receptivity, has been rarely studied experimentally. Ficus (Moraceae), each exclusively associated its specific pollinating wasp, receptive individual syconia was believed to last only few days. This estimate, based on field observations pollinator arrivals, neglected possibility that unpollinated may remain...

Philodendron acutatum (Araceae) is a hemiepiphyte common to the Atlantic Forest of northeastern Brazil. In two localities, we studied species' breeding system and associations with flower‐visiting insects, along an analysis its floral scent composition. The fruit set self‐incompatible P. was high, more than 90%, inflorescences were exclusively pollinated by one species scarab beetle, Cyclocephala celata (Scarabaeidae, Dynastinae). Pollinators are drawn toward at dusk strong fragrances given...

In any ecosystems, seasonality is a key factor conditioning the temporal variation on an annual scale in combination with differences organism phenology. This marked Mediterranean Region four contrasting seasons: hot, dry summer, mild winter and sometimes very rainy spring autumn. With large surface area its range of habitats from seaside to alpine biotopes, Corsica Island represents biodiversity hotspot high rate endemism. Amongst diverse groups, insects, notably main orders pollinators...

The pollination ecology of Arum italicum was studied in south-western France. This plant attracts olfactory dung-breeding flies through deceit. These insects are principally represented by Diptera, all belonging to saprophyte families. volatilization the odouriferous compounds, responsible for their attraction, is achieved production heat appendix. trapped 24 h order participate both sexual phases protogynous inflorescence. male flowers produce three events during flowering. peaks seem be...

Taccarum ulei (Araceae, Spathicarpeae) is a seasonal geophytic aroid, native to north-eastern Brazil, that flowers during two months of the rainy season. Patterns floral thermogenesis, pollination biology, and traits associated with syndromes were studied compared those other Araceae. Two species cyclocephaline scarabs (Scarabaeidae, Cyclocephalini) recognized as effective pollinators: Cyclocephala celata cearae. Larvae an unidentified fruit fly (Melanoloma spp., Richardiidae, Diptera) also...

SUMMARY Cyclocephala colasi beetles are facultative endotherms that spend most of their adult lives inside the inflorescences Philodendron solimoesense, where ambient temperature (Ta) averages about 28°C due to floral thermogenesis. Measurements respiration within a range Ta showed active became spontaneously endothermic at below but were rarely above it. There was no evidence endothermy inflorescences, indicating activities in chamber can occur without high energy expense endothermy. Bouts...

In this study, the chemical variation of essential oils endemic species Origanum elongatum has been studied in its biogeographical context. Essential 168 individual plants collected from 30 populations growing wild two Moroccan mountains: Rif and Middle Atlas, were analyzed by GC-FID (Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detector), GC/MS Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry) 13C NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance). produces an EOs yielding after hydrodistillation 0.81% to 3.12% based on dry...

Floral scent is a key mediator in plant-pollinator interactions. However, little known to what extent intraspecific variation shaped by phenotypic selection, with no information yet deceptive plants. In this study, we collected inflorescence and fruit set of the moth fly-pollinated Arum maculatum L. (Araceae) from six populations north vs. five south Alps, accumulating 233 samples total, tested for differences scent, set, selection on across geographic barrier. We recorded 289 compounds,...

Abstract: The pollination ecology of Philodendron melinonii was studied at two locations in French Guiana. Inflorescences P. were regularly visited by Cyclocephala colasi, a scarab beetle also found inflorescences solimoesense the same area. flowering cycle lasted days and inflorescence exhibited features typical for (e.g., floral chamber, food rewards, flower heating). process is well synchronized with night activity visitors. spadix temperature measured during entire field Guiana...

Abstract. Fig trees ( Ficus ) have closed inflorescences. Closure is an efficient protection of flowers against non‐specialist predators and harsh external environmental conditions. Each species pollinated by a single insect species, agaonid wasp, capable forcing its way through bract‐covered pore, the ostiole, to gain access flowers. Figs also provide oviposition sites for wasps. The fig/pollinator interaction classic example mutualism. It has been widely assumed that, once pollinators...