A5084901690- Calibration and Measurement Techniques
- Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes
- Radiative Heat Transfer Studies
- Advanced Sensor Technologies Research
- Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
- Methane Hydrates and Related Phenomena
- Scientific Measurement and Uncertainty Evaluation
- Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics
- Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations
- Marine and coastal ecosystems
- Atmospheric aerosols and clouds
- Climate variability and models
- Atmospheric Ozone and Climate
- Thermography and Photoacoustic Techniques
- Geological formations and processes
- Underwater Acoustics Research
- Chemical Thermodynamics and Molecular Structure
- Infrared Target Detection Methodologies
- Offshore Engineering and Technologies
- Geological and Geophysical Studies
- Marine and fisheries research
- Astro and Planetary Science
- Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing
- Phase Equilibria and Thermodynamics
- Aeolian processes and effects
Statistics New Zealand
2011-2023
Measurement Standards Laboratory of New Zealand
2011-2023
Callaghan Innovation
2019
University College London
2018
Babcock International Group (United Kingdom)
2013
National Measurement Laboratory
2010
Measurement Standards Section
2010
National Oceanography Centre
1996-2009
University of Southampton
2005-2008
Lehigh University
1997-1998
A simple theory is presented to account for the difference between temperature at ocean-air interface and that of water a depth about one meter. Except in very light winds intense solar radiation mean ΔT expected be formwhere q sum sensible, latent, long-wave radiative heat flux from ocean atmosphere τ/ρw kinematic stress. No data are available test this prediction. The influence slicks insolation on also briefly discussed.
The exchange of water between the Norwegian Sea and North Atlantic around Faroe Islands was investigated in 1987 1988 combining CTD data with shipborne Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP)measurements. Tests were devised to assess accuracy ADCP measurements results are described; it is found that estimating a reference velocity for geostrophic limited by presence tides order 10 cm s−1. In outflow cold from Bank Channel, which reaches speeds nearly 1 m s−1 error acceptably small but...
An experimental study is made of a baroclinic vortex produced in two-layer fluid. After the equivalence between experiment and heated annulus Hide established, it argued that Potential energy stratification source for wave-like instabilities which develop split into separate, distinct circulations. The stability sonic mesoscale oceanic vortices examined.
Abstract The temperature attained in the reversible and pseudo‐adiabatic expansion of air saturated with respect to liquid water is taken as a reference; temperatures following expansions from same initial state are then compared it: (a) ice‐saturation process (b) water‐saturation adiabatic (c) process. results these comparisons summarized Figs. 1 5 this paper. Similarly, cloud virtual temperature, adjusted for weight suspended particles, expansion, that expansion; Fig. 6. implications...
The most southerly WOCE one-time section in the South Atlantic, designated A11, was occupied January 1993. cruise track lay across cool subantarctic zone of Circumpolar Current west and warm subtropical gyre east. In this paper estimates flux heat, salt, oxygen, other tracers are presented. A brief description distribution physical chemical properties is followed by a determination surface Ekman layer. Direct measurements current shear made from shipborne ADCP wind data climatological all...
This paper is divided into two parts: the first describing an enhancement of shipborne ADCP system and second information about bottom currents that have been obtained therefrom on WOCE cruise A11 in South Atlantic, Punta Arenas to Cape Town. RRS Discovery has fitted with a GPS3DF receiver array antennas its bridge, which determine instantaneous attitude ship. The heading record from this instrument compared ship's gyrocompass throughout 40-day cruise. Differences calculated examined...
A narrow gap (Discovery Gap) in the East Azores Fracture Zone at 37°N eastern Atlantic provides a channel for exchange of bottom water between Madeira and Iberian abyssal basins. detailed survey defines its length (150 km), width (10–50 depth sills (near 4800 m) sediment thickness (0–500 m). Year-long measurements deep flow are made from six moorings ten current meters. Mean flows about 5 cm s−1. These data supplemented by 10 days float tracking near 4700 m numerous density profiles within...
A conversion formula between pressure and depth is obtained employing the recently adopted equation of state for seawater (Millero et al., 1980). Assuming ocean uniform salinity 35 NSU temperature 0°C following proposed, namely, z = (1-c1)p − c2p2. If p in decibars meters c1 (5.92 + 5.25 sin2ϕ) × 10−3, where ϕ latitude c2 2.21 10−6. To take account physical conditions water column a dynamic height correction to be added but many purposes this may ignored.
Expressions are obtained for the infrared radiance of a rough ocean surface by method closely following that Cox and Munk. For normal viewing, average is found to be practically independent roughness, but oblique viewing blackness increases with roughness. Shadowing treated in simple approximate manner estimates made glancing angles viewing: an horizon predicted. The theoretical results, which substantiated observations, reveal dish-shaped character indeed any surface.
The inclusion of cases and simulations in our curricula may reflect a funda mental paradigm shift American higher education. Now, colleges must do more than instruct; they also prove that learning takes place. While the movement toward experiential has grown, surprisingly little mention been made literature need to ground use theory. A basic understanding process nature as expe riential activities will help instructors business communication develop, evaluate, these tools effectively.
We report the results of a set measurements made within Charlie‐Gibbs Fracture Zone in 1988–1989. The principal data sources are year‐long current meter records, 16 number, and 23 conductivity‐temperature‐depth stations. aim was to determine flux overflow water passing westward out Iceland Basin eastern North Atlantic. Within fracture zone, is defined either as having salinity greater than 34.94 at present time or, more generally, potential density σ0 > 27.8 kg/m 3 . In 1988–1989 core had...
The downward convection of discrete masses heavy fluid, called thermals, in a gravitationally stable environment is studied experimentally. For simplicity the ambient stratification chosen to have discontinuous two-layer structure with fluid uniform density each layer. When released into homogeneous upper layer thermal acquires circulation turbulent ring vortex as reported earlier. weak stratifications, which are however capable halting thermal, this destroyed dramatic fashion during...
This paper compares observations made in the Pacific Ocean and 8–12 year climatology of a global numerical model. Meridional mass heat transports their divergences are calculated, zonal averages compared with air‐sea exchange values Doney et al. [1998] mixed success. The large scale distribution sea surface height near‐surface currents shown to be well reproduced by model, but variance is underestimated, severely so areas weak variability. Synoptic wind forcing enhances latter, though only...
A method is described to relate the parameters appearing in interpolation equations for radiation thermometry directly radiometric characteristics of thermometer itself. It shown that sufficiently narrow bandwidths these are independent shape spectral responsivity and can be expressed solely terms its mean wavelength bandwidth as determined by variance. This allows either direct measurement responsivity, measurements at fixed points, or a combination two, effect unifying ITS-90,...
To assess whether the southward deep water flow of Atlantic meridional overturning circulation can be monitored by measuring western boundary current, structure and transport time-averaged current at 26.5N are estimated from long meter records deployed in a series 7 mooring deployments over 11 years March 1986 to June 1997 east Abaco Island Bahamas. Time-averaged velocities for each record combined into estimates mean velocity 3 10 depths locations extending eastward continental slope out an...
Employing one million ship reports gathered in the years 1941–72 seasonal averages of wind stress and its standard deviation have been computed for shelf region eastern North American continent (out to a depth 200 m). A drag coefficient is assumed which increases with speed, from 1.0×10−3 at 5 m s−1 2.3×10−3 25 s−1. Atmospheric stratification taken into account but effect shown be small. In summer season 32-year climatological toward northeast, having magnitude close 0.25 dyn cm−2 throughout...
The PRT5 was used for the remote measurement of ocean surface temperature. correction nonblackness ranges from +0.6°C (under clear skies) to +0.1°C a low overcast). From an altitude 300 meters absorption and emission in intervening atmosphere can be approximated by 0.1(T − TA), where T is indicated radiometric temperature TA air at flight level. influence haze investigated experimentally found small. Absolute accuracy measurements when made carefully ±0.2°C.
An observational study of cumulus is made from time-lapse film records, and laws describing the growth cloud thermals (discrete masses buoyant air) are deduced. The diameter isolated emerging summits or on flanks a found to have well-defined upper limit which simple linear function height. It inferred that, in saturated interior cloud, broaden linearly with height incorporating into themselves residues earlier (now decaying) thermals. Their rate broadening height, 0.40 ± .04, insensitive...