Abstract Objective To quantify the effect on cervical disease at age 20 years of immunisation with bivalent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine 12-13 years. Design Retrospective population study, 1988-96. Setting National vaccination and screening programmes in Scotland. Participants 138 692 women born between 1 January 1988 5 June 1996 who had a smear test result recorded 20. Main outcome measures Effect cytology results associated histological diagnoses from first year (while aged 20),...

In 2008, a national human papillomavirus (HPV) immunisation programme began in Scotland for 12–13 year old females with three-year catch-up campaign those under the age of 18. Since three-dose uptake bivalent vaccine routine cohort aged has exceeded 90% annually, while overall is 66%. To monitor impact HPV immunisation, surveillance was established (pre and post introduction) which included yearly sampling genotyping women attending cervical screening at 20. By linking individual...

Background We report a widespread foodborne outbreak of Cryptosporidium parvum in England and Scotland May 2012. Cases were more common female adults, had no history foreign travel. Over 300 excess cases identified during the period outbreak. Speciation microbiological typing revealed strain to be C. gp60 subtype IIaA15G2R1. Methods Hypothesis generation questionnaires administered an unmatched case control study was undertaken test hypotheses raised. controls interviewed by telephone....

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On 24 August 2008, an outbreak alert regarding cases of acute gastroenteritis in Podgorica triggered investigations to guide control measures. From 23 7 September, 1699 were reported (population 136 000) and we estimated the total size be 10 000-15 000 corresponding attack rate approximately 10%. We conducted age- neighbourhood-matched case-control study, microbiologically analysed faecal municipal water samples assessed distribution system. All (83/83) 90% (80/90) [corrected] controls drank...

The spatial and temporal epidemiology of human cryptosporidiosis was described by analysing sporadic cases reported in Scotland from 2005 to 2007. Measures livestock density population were explored as indicators the geographical variation prevalence. Cryptosporidium parvum more common areas with lower densities, a higher ratio number farms inhabitants private water supplies inhabitants. caused disease humans rural high ruminant density, whereas hominis densely populated Scotland....

Abstract To determine the proportion of Escherichia coli O157 cases in Scotland attributable to secondary spread, we analyzed data obtained through entire-population enhanced surveillance. We identified 11% as secondary. Secondary single households were younger than outbreaks affecting >1 household and had similar risk for hemolytic uremic syndrome.

Cyclospora cayetanensis was identified in 176 returned travellers from the Riviera Maya region of Mexico between 1 June and 22 September 2015; 79 United Kingdom (UK) 97 Canada. UK cases completed a food exposure questionnaire. This increase reported highlights risks gastrointestinal infections through travelling, limitations surveillance need for improved hygiene production consumed holiday resorts.

Cervical cancer disproportionately affects women from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. A human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programme was introduced in Scotland 2008 with uptake being and inequitable a catch-up cohort run for the first three years of compared routine programme. The differences vaccine have potential to further increase inequality gap regards cervical disease.Vaccination status linked demographic, cytological colposcopic data, which are routinely collected by Scottish HPV...

Outbreaks of Q fever are rare in the UK. In 2006, largest outbreak Scotland occurred at a co-located slaughterhouse and cutting plant with 110 cases. Preliminary investigations pointed to sheep lairage being potential source exposure infective agent. A retrospective cohort study was carried out among workers along environmental sampling guide public health interventions. total 179 individuals were interviewed whom 66 (37%) migrant workers. Seventy-five (41.9%) serologically confirmed Passing...

Contemporary information relating to the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in humans is lacking for UK population, with even less available about human parasite Scotland. To address this, two different study groups were used determine and genotypes Scottish population. The first group included serum samples from blood donors (n = 3273) over a four-year period (2006–2009) second comprised DNA extracted brains 151) five-year (2008–2012). A T. IgG ELISA was performed seroprevalence sera...

Background Human papillomavirus ( HPV ) vaccines are currently utilised globally in national immunisation programmes. While evidence from clinical trials and epidemiological studies suggest that the both effective safe, concerns about safety of vaccine scientifically unproven associations with severe adverse events following have led to dramatic decreases uptake Japan acceptance issues other countries. Aim In Scotland, we hospital admissions data assess impact programme on incidence 60...

The total defence (TD) concept aims to provide an effective crisis response structure by increasing society resilience. However, the complexity of its regarding resource mobilization and management process highlights need for a complexity-oriented approach in operationalising TD. We study application TD during COVID-19 explore what makes viable system with resilience capabilities face crisis. apply Viable Systems Model as methodology compare viability United Kingdom Norwegian systems, both...

SUMMARY Cryptosporidium parvum ( C. ) is one of the most prevalent protozoan pathogens responsible for inducing human and animal disease worldwide. In this study, glycoprotein-60 (gp60) subtyping tool was employed to assess molecular diversity from feces throughout Scotland during potential outbreaks. Over a 24-month period, microscopy analysis revealed 1139 positive containing species with 256 identified by methods specifically as parvum. shown be more in rural areas 87 isolates...

Abstract Combining the conceptual tools and methods of resilience engineering (RE) with naturalistic decision‐making (NDM), in context police critical incident command, this study explores capacity individual commanders to manage occupational stress during a or crisis. A case scenario interviews, together cognitive task analysis (CTA), are used investigate how affects decision making performance. The shows: (1) As social process, sensemaking goes beyond an individual's capacity. It depends...

SUMMARY The associations with weather and bathing water quality on infectious intestinal disease (IID) were investigated using data from two Scottish NHS Board areas. Monthly counts of viral non-viral gastrointestinal infections modelled as a smooth function temperature, relative humidity average monthly faecal indicator organisms, respectively, adjusting for season long-term trend effects. Strong seasonal patterns observed each group pathogens. Peak infection was in May while that July. A...

Abstract Previous evidence has suggested an association between consumption of unfiltered water from Loch Lomond, Scotland, and cryptosporidiosis. Before November 1999, this had been only microstrained disinfected with chlorine; however, since that time, physical treatment the (coagulation, rapid gravity filtration) added. To determine risk factors, including drinking water, for cryptosporidiosis, we analyzed data on laboratory-confirmed cases cryptosporidiosis collected 1997 through 2003....

Continuous exposure to low levels of Cryptosporidium oocysts is associated with production protective antibodies. We investigated prevalence antibodies against the 27-kDa oocyst antigen among blood donors in 2 areas Scotland supplied by drinking water from different sources filtration standards: Glasgow (not filtered) and Dundee (filtered). During 2006-2009, seroprevalence risk factor data were collected; this period includes 2007, when enhanced was introduced supply. A serologic response...

Giardiasis, caused by the intestinal protozoan parasite Giardia intestinalis (synonyms: G. lamblia, duodenalis), is one of most frequent parasites to infect Scottish population. Transmission infective cysts in faecal matter commonly via food and/or water. subdivided into assemblages, where clinical and epidemiological differences have been described between assemblages A B. This snapshot descriptive study examines 30 positive cases which 72% (n = 21) were shown be assemblage A, 14% 4) B 10%...

Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium species are protozoan parasites capable of causing gastrointestinal disease in humans animals through the ingestion infective faeces. Whereas can be acquired locally or foreign travel, there is mis-conception that giardiasis considered to largely travel-associated, which results differences laboratory testing algorithms. In order determine level variation criteria detection methods between diagnostic laboratories for both pathogens across Scotland, an...

Scotland generally reports higher rates of infection with verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 (VTEC O157) than other parts the United Kingdom

All the human and animal laboratory reports of zoonoses sent to Health Protection Scotland between 1993 2002 were identified. There 24,946 from veterinary laboratories, 94,718 (20 per cent) 468,214 medical laboratories considered be zoonotic. The most common people Campylobacter, Salmonella, Cryptosporidium Giardia species Escherichia coli o157. animals Cryptosporidium, Chlamydia Campylobacter Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis. For all in people, National Service Board areas Borders,...