In everyday life, decision-makers need to integrate information from various sources which differ in how reliable the correct is provided. The present study addressed whether people can optimally use explicit about trustworthiness of source and know affect their decisions. each trial, we presented a sequence six indicated colour (red or blue) with different level reliability. Each was explicitly labelled reliability percentage, i.e., likelihood that provides information. Participants were...

The capacity for voluntary action is a distinctive feature of human minds. However, experimental studies volition struggled to capture defining features voluntariness. Here we developed competitive game which incentivised participants innovate their choices find the right time avoid collision with an opponent who predicted timing participant’s choice. One group received explicit information about competitor’s action-selection rules, while second had no competitor. Both groups showed...

The capacity for voluntary action is a distinctive feature of human minds. However, experimental studies volition struggled to capture defining features voluntariness. Here we developed competitive game which incentivised participants innovate their choices find the right time avoid collision with an opponent who predicted timing participant’s choice. One group received explicit information about competitor’s action-selection rules, while second had no competitor. Both groups showed...

Abstract Optimality in motor planning, as well accuracy execution, is required to maximize expected gain under risk. In this study, we tested whether humans are able update their planning. Participants performed a coincident timing task with an asymmetric function, which optimal response the highest total score depends on variability. Their behaviours were then compared using Bayesian decision model. After 9 days of practicing 2250 trials, increased, and temporal variance decreased. On other...

For optimal action planning, the gain/loss associated with actions and variability in motor output should both be considered. A number of studies make conflicting claims about optimality human planning but cannot reconciled due to their use different movements functions. The disagreement is possibly because differences experimental design energetic cost participant effort. We used a coincident timing task, which requires decision making constant cost, test participant's strategies under four...

Abstract Humans are often required to make decisions under time constraints and adjust speed-accuracy tradeoff (SAT) based on constraints. Previous studies have investigated how humans SAT depending the discount rate of expected gain. Although gain actions can be determined by both probability, only situations where decreases over been tested. Considering effect risk decision-making, difference in factors may modulate response strategies for SAT, since temporal changes variance possible...

Humans often face situations requiring a decision about where to throw an object or when respond stimulus under risk. Several behavioral studies have shown that such motor decisions can be suboptimal, which results from cognitive bias toward risk-seeking behavior. However, brain regions involved in risk-attitude of decision-making remain unclear. Here we investigated the role dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) risky using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). The experiment...

Abstract Although optimal decision-making is essential for sports performance and fine motor control, it has been repeatedly confirmed that humans show a strong risk-seeking bias, selecting risky strategy over an solution. Despite such evidence, the ideal method to promote remains unclear. Here, we propose interactions with other people can influence improve bias. We developed competitive reaching game (a variant of “chicken game”) in which aiming greater rewards increased risk no reward...

Abstract To make optimal decisions under risk, one must correctly weight potential rewards and penalties by the probabilities of receiving them. In motor decision tasks, uncertainty in outcome is a consequence uncertainty. When participants perform suboptimally as they often do such it could be because have insufficient information about their uncertainty: with more information, performance converge to learn own Alternatively, suboptimal may reflect an inability use or even correct...

Bayesian decision theory (BDT) is frequently used to model normative performance in perceptual, motor, and cognitive tasks where the possible outcomes of actions are associated with rewards or penalties. The resulting models specify how makers should encode combine information about uncertainty value-step by step-in order maximize their expected reward. When prior, likelihood, posterior probabilities, computation requires only simple arithmetic operations: addition, etc. We focus on visual...

We measured human ability to detect texture patterns in a signal detection task. Observers viewed sequences of 20 blue or yellow tokens placed horizontally row. They attempted discriminate generated by random generator ("a fair coin") from produced disrupted Markov sequence (DMS) generator. The DMSs were two stages: first was using chain with probability, pr = 0.9, that token would be the same color as its left. then flipping each vice versa pd-the probability disruption. Disruption played...

Humans tend to select motor planning with a high reward and low success compared planning, which has small rate. Previous studies have shown such risk-seeking property in decision tasks. However, it is unclear how facilitate shift from optimal that maximizes the expected reward. Here, we investigate effect of interacting virtual partners/opponents on plans since interpersonal interaction powerful influence human perception, action, cognition. This study three types interactions (competition,...

Abstract Although optimal decision-making is essential for sports performance and fine motor control, it has been repeatedly confirmed that humans show a strong risk-seeking bias, selecting risky strategy over an solution. Despite such evidence, the ideal method to promote remains unclear. Here, we propose interactions with other people can influence improve bias. We developed competitive reaching game (a variant of “chicken game”) in which aiming greater rewards increased risk no reward...

Exercise is important for body composition promotion. Although many studies have indicated that physical competence promotes exercise participation, there are relatively few examining the relationships among these factors. The purpose of present study was to model composition, habits and by using structural equation modeling. subjects were 223 Japanese male female high school students. Height, lean bone mass area ratio measured. scale including three subscales (perceived competence, feeling...

Abstract Bayesian decision theory (BDT) is frequently used to model normative performance in perceptual, motor, and cognitive tasks where the outcome of each trial a reward or penalty that depends on subject’s actions. The resulting models specify how makers should encode use information about uncertainty value – step by order maximize their expected reward. When prior, likelihood, posterior are probabilities, computation requires only simple arithmetic operations: addition, etc. We focus...

Humans and some other animals can autonomously generate action choices that contribute to solving complex problems. However, experimental investigations of the cognitive bases human autonomy are challenging, because paradigms typically constrain behaviour using controlled contexts, elicit by external triggers. In contrast, freedom imply unconstrained initiated endogenous Here we propose a new theoretical construct adaptive autonomy, meaning capacity make behavioural free from constraints...

Athletes are required to make a decision about where they throw ball or kick ball.Recent studies have shown that humans tend take risk seeking strategy in motor tasks (Wu et al., 2009, Ota 2016).However, it still remains unclear how the riskseeking could be improved and led risk-neutral strategy.Here we investigated influence of virtual opponent on sensitivity task because is reported players unintendedly imitate their behavior while play competitive (Naber 2013).The participants first...

The conception of the early 20th-century modernists on tradition was not so drastically opposed to conservatists as propagandits either side alleged. On this hypothesis, paper analyzes idea "tradition (Uberlieferung)" Theodor Fischer, one most important architect german reform movement before first World War and explains that he claims is neither a vague respect for traditional architecture nor rigid form in certain historical period, but an ideal process architectural development which...

Eighteen observers viewed samples of dots from a 2D Gaussian pdf on display. One more is about to be drawn and the rewards associated with possible outcomes are marked What probability next dot will fall into any specified region? expected value (EV) dot? We compared human performance in reasoning pdfs ideal two experiments. An observer accurately estimates induced region satisfies additivity when estimating an outcome falling either disjoint regions. It also additional property:...