Abstract Diverse features of motor learning have been reported by numerous studies, but no single theoretical framework concurrently accounts for these features. Here, we propose a model to explain in unified way extending primitive framework. The assumes that the recruitment pattern primitives is determined predicted movement error an upcoming (prospective error). To validate this idea, perform behavioural experiment examine model’s novel prediction: after experiencing environment which...

Semiconductors such as CdTe, CdSe and GaAs, microcrystallites could be successfully doped into SiO 2 -glass films by the magnetron rf-sputtering technique. The average size of depended on sputtering conditions, postannealing was not necessary to form in silica-glass films. diameter varied from below 15 A 62 A. In optical absorption spectra, edge clearly exhibited blue shift compared each bulk semiconductor, thus quantum effect found these microcrystallites.

Absorption spectra near the fundamental absorption edge are studied in Sb 2 S 3 . Step-like structures characteristics to indirect allowed exciton transition found. The energy of is determined be 1.749 eV at 27 K. band structure calculated by pseudopotential method and compared with experimental results. It shown that top valence bottom conduction lie around \(\varGamma\) X points, respectively, smallest direct gap located point.

An experimental study was made of a target consisting the minimum mass pure tin (Sn) necessary for highest conversion to extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light while minimizing generation plasma debris. The minimum-mass comprised thin Sn layer coated on plastic shell and irradiated with Nd:YAG laser pulse. expansion behavior neutral atoms singly charged ions emanating from were investigated by spatially resolved visible spectroscopy. A remarkable reduction debris emission in backward direction...

How the central nervous system (CNS) controls many joints and muscles is a fundamental question in motor neuroscience related research areas. An attractive hypothesis module hypothesis: CNS groups of or (i.e., spatial modules) by providing time-varying commands temporal to modules rather than controlling each joint muscle separately. Another how generates numerous repertoires movement patterns. One that modulates and/or depending on required tasks. It thus essential quantify modules,...

How to achieve stable locomotion while overcoming various instabilities is an ongoing research topic. One essential factor for achieving a gait controlling the center of body mass (CoM). The CoM yields more instability in mediolateral direction. Examining speed-dependent modulations trajectories frontal plane can provide insight into control policies locomotion. Although these have been studied assuming symmetric trajectories, this assumption generally incorrect. For example, amputee...

The interaction of large Xe clusters with a soft x-ray laser pulse having wavelength 13.9 nm and an intensity up to $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{10}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{W}/{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ was investigated using time-of-flight ion mass spectrometer. corresponding photon energy sufficiently high photoionize $4d$ innershell electrons. It found that ${\mathrm{Xe}}^{3+}$ ions (which result from double Auger decay vacancies) became the dominant final ionic product increasing...

Motor variability is inevitable in human body movements and has been addressed from various perspectives motor neuroscience biomechanics: it may originate neural activities, or reflect a large number of degrees freedom inherent our movements. How to evaluate thus fundamental question. Previous methods have quantified (at least) two striking features variability: smaller the task-relevant dimension than task-irrelevant low-dimensional structure often referred as synergy principal components....

Stroke patients recover more effectively when they are rehabilitated with bimanual movement rather than unimanual movement; however, it remains unclear why is effective for stroke recovery. Using a computational model of recovery, this study suggests that facilitates the reorganization damaged motor cortex because induces rotations in preferred directions (PDs) neurons. Although tuning curves these neurons differ during and movement, changes PD, but not modulation depth, facilitate such...

Most motor learning experiments have been conducted in a laboratory setting. In this type of setting, huge and expensive manipulandum is frequently used, requiring large budget wide open space. Subjects also need to travel the laboratory, which burden for them. This particularly severe patients with neurological disorders. Here, we describe development novel application based on Unity3D smart devices, e.g., smartphones or tablet that can be used conduct at any time place, without space...

Abstract Although optimal decision-making is essential for sports performance and fine motor control, it has been repeatedly confirmed that humans show a strong risk-seeking bias, selecting risky strategy over an solution. Despite such evidence, the ideal method to promote remains unclear. Here, we propose interactions with other people can influence improve bias. We developed competitive reaching game (a variant of “chicken game”) in which aiming greater rewards increased risk no reward...

A dc microhollow cathode discharge (MHCD) plasma was generated inflowing helium gas containing water vapor. The hole diameters were 0.3, 0.7, 1.0, and 2.0 mm, each with a length of mm. Emission spectroscopy carried out to investigate the mode determine parameters. For 0.3-mm cathode, stable MHCDs in an abnormal glow existed at pressures up 100 kPa, whereas for larger diameters, not atmospheric pressure. An analysis lineshapes relevant He 667.8 nm Hα 656.3 implied electron density temperature...

Many redundancies play functional roles in motor control and learning. For example, kinematic muscle contribute to stabilizing posture impedance control, respectively. Another redundancy is the number of neurons themselves; there are overwhelmingly more than muscles, many combinations neural activation can generate identical activity. The this neuronal remains unknown. Analysis a redundant network model makes it possible investigate these while varying holding constant output units. Our...

Recent theoretical models suggest that motor learning includes at least two processes: error minimization and memory decay. While a novel movement, of the movement is gradually formed to minimize between desired actual movements in each training trial, but slightly forgotten trial. The effects trained with certain are partially available other non-trained movements, this transfer effect can be reproduced by frameworks. Although most frameworks have assumed decays same speed during performing...

Abstract Motor learning in unimanual and bimanual planar reaching movements has been intensively investigated. Although distinct theoretical frameworks have proposed for each of these movements, the relationship between remains unclear. In particular, generalization motor effects (transfer effects) yet to be successfully explained. Here, by extending a primitive framework, we analytically proved that framework can reproduce if mean activity is balanced movements. this condition, consistent...

Characteristics of laser-produced ZnO plasmas have been investigated by spectroscopic observations. In particular, the ablation dynamics and recombination process in vacuum or gas atmospheres (helium oxygen) were studied on basis atomic physics. During immediately after a laser irradiation, plasma parameters, such as electron temperature density, deduced from continuum line spectra. addition, expansion velocities ions atoms determined time-of-flight transients emission As for neutralization...

Out-of-band (OOB) radiation, in contrast to the in-band radiation at 13.5 nm a 2% bandwidth, emitted from dense tin plasmas generated by laser was investigated for application as an extreme ultraviolet lithography light source. It found that continuum spectrum, which overwhelms atomic and ionic line emissions, is responsible intense OOB radiation. The spectral distribution of emission matches blackbody with temperature about 10 eV. can be considerably suppressed employing minimum-mass target...

A novel atmospheric pressure plasma device releasing atomic hydrogen has been developed. This specific properties such as (1) deactivation of airborne microbial-contaminants, (2) neutralization indoor OH radicals and (3) being harmless to the human body. It consists a ceramic plate positive ion generation electrode needle-shaped an electron emission electrode. Release from investigated by spectroscopic method. Optical probably due recombination ions, H+(H2O)n, generated electrons emitted...

Direct measurements of localized electric fields have been made by the laser induced fluorescence (LIF) method using Stark effect in central cathode core region an inertial electrostatic confinement fusion (IECF) neutron (proton) source. These are expected to various applications, such as luggage security inspection, non-destructive testing, land mine detection and positron emitter production for cancer detection, currently producing continuously about 107 n/s D-D neutrons. Since 1967, when...

Intensity of the HeI 491.1 nm (4 1 P→2 P) forbidden line due to Stark effect, with respect 396.5 S) allowed line, was measured obtain radial distribution electric field in a hollow cathode discharge. The polarization lines also observed show capability detecting direction plasmas. satisfactorily yielded fall potential, and well agreement theoretical prediction. experiment demonstrated that strength as low 250 V/cm could be accurately using present pair.