In literature, it has been suggested that the CNS anticipates spontaneous change in body position during quiet stance and continuously modulates ankle extensor muscle activity to compensate for change. The purpose of this study was investigate whether velocity feedback contributes by modulating activities an anticipatory fashion, facilitating effective control stance. Both theoretical analysis experiments were carried out what extent controlling with 16 healthy subjects who asked stand...

Noise can assist neurons in the detection of weak signals via a mechanism known as stochastic resonance (SR). We demonstrate experimentally that SR-type effects be obtained rat sensory with white noise, $1/f$ or $1/{f}^{2}$ noise. For low-frequency input we show optimal noise intensity is lowest and output signal-to-noise ratio highest for conventional also under certain circumstances, better than enhancing response neuron to signal. present theory account these results discuss biological...

We provide the first evidence that stochastic resonance within human brain can enhance behavioral responses to weak sensory inputs. asked subjects adjust handgrip force a slowly changing, subthreshold gray level signal presented their right eye. Behavioral were optimized by presenting randomly changing levels separately left The results indicate observed was mediated neural activity where information from both eyes converges.

We demonstrate experimentally that noise can enhance the homeostatic function in human blood pressure regulatory system. The results show compensatory heart rate response to weak periodic signal introduced at venous receptor is optimized by adding arterial receptor. conclude this functional stochastic resonance most likely from interaction of with brain stem, where neuronal inputs these two different receptors first join together.

A sensorimotor control task often requires an accurate estimation of the timing arrival external target (e.g., when hitting a pitched ball). Conventional studies human processes have ignored stochastic features timing: e.g., speed ball is not generally constant, but variable. Interestingly, based on Bayesian theory, it has been recently shown that system achieves optimal by integrating sensory information with prior knowledge probabilistic structure variation. In this study, we tested...

Rapid sequential taps delivered first to one location and then another on the skin create somatosensory illusion that tapping is occurring at intermediate locations between actual stimulus sites, as if a small rabbit were hopping along from site second (called “cutaneous rabbit”). Previous behavioral studies have attributed this early unimodal body map. A functional magnetic resonance imaging study recently confirmed association of with somatotopic activity in primary cortex. Thus, cutaneous...

Dancing and singing to music involve auditory-motor coordination have been essential our human culture since ancient times. Although scholars trying understand the evolutionary developmental origin of music, early manifestations interactions in not fully investigated. Here we report limb movements vocalizations three- four-months-old infants while they listened were silence. In group analysis, found no significant increase amount movement or relative power spectrum density around musical...

Computational theory of motor control suggests that the brain continuously monitors commands, to predict their sensory consequences before actual feedback becomes available. Such prediction error is a driving force learning, and therefore appropriate associations between commands delayed signals are crucial. Indeed, artificially introduced delays in visual have been reported degrade learning. However, considering our perceptual ability causally bind own actions with feedback, demonstrated by...

Abstract Diverse features of motor learning have been reported by numerous studies, but no single theoretical framework concurrently accounts for these features. Here, we propose a model to explain in unified way extending primitive framework. The assumes that the recruitment pattern primitives is determined predicted movement error an upcoming (prospective error). To validate this idea, perform behavioural experiment examine model’s novel prediction: after experiencing environment which...

Direct evidence supporting the contribution of upper limb motion on generation locomotive motor output in humans is still limited. Here, we aimed to examine effect locomotor-like muscle activities lower persons with spinal cord injury (SCI). By imposing passive locomotion-like leg movements, all cervical incomplete ( n = 7) and thoracic complete SCI subjects 5) exhibited activity their paralyzed soleus muscles. Upper movements did not affect electromyographic (EMG) pattern activities. This...

As long as we only focus on kinematics, rhythmic movement appears to be a concatenation of discrete movements or truncated movement. However, whether not the neural control processes and are distinct has yet been clearly understood. Here, address this issue by examining motor learning transfer between these two types testing hypothesis that should lead transfer. First, found adaptation an altered visuomotor condition was almost fully transferred from out-and-back movements; however, very...

Bimanual action requires the neural controller (internal model) for each arm to predictively compensate mechanical interactions resulting from movement of both that and its counterpart on opposite side body. Here, we demonstrate brain may accomplish this by constructing internal model with primitives multiplicatively encoding information kinematics arms. We had human participants adapt a novel force field imposed one while arms were moving in particular directions examined generalization...

Summary Motor exploration, a key process in reinforcement-based motor learning, is triggered by suboptimal performance and leads to increased movement variability. Consequently, failure one trial may increase the likelihood of subsequent trials. If this pattern emerges, successive failures (SFs) are not merely events be avoided but part trial-and-error identifying optimal movements, which can facilitate learning. This study investigated whether how SFs occur above chance levels during...

Low-intensity resistance exercise with vascular occlusion enhances human muscular strength by elevating neural drive to muscles, which is accompanied the additional activation of fast-twitch fibers because muscle fatigue. However, few previous studies have investigated underlying neuromotor mechanisms from a perspective other than Notably, participants require more voluntary effort exert force lift weight immediately after occlusion, indicating its acute effect on perception system without...

It is now well recognized that muscle activity can be induced even in the paralyzed lower limb muscles of persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) by imposing locomotion-like movements on both their legs. Although significant role afferent input related to hip joint movement and body load has been emphasized considerably previous studies, contribution “alternate” leg pattern not fully investigated. This study was designed investigate what extent alternate influenced this “locomotor-like”...

We demonstrate that both detection of weak visual signals to the right eye and phase synchronization electro-encephalogram (EEG) from widely separated areas human brain are increased by addition noise left eye. found a close relationship between resulting noise-induced changes in behavioural performance similarly areas. These results imply large-scale neural may play significant role information transmission brain.

How can a human collective coordinate, for example to move banquet table, when each person is influenced by the inertia of others who may be inferior at task? We hypothesized that large groups cannot coordinate through touch alone, accruing zero-sum scenario where individuals task hinder superior ones. tested this hypothesis examining how dyads, triads and tetrads, whose right hands were physically coupled together, followed common moving target. Surprisingly, target accurately even an...

We show that externally added $1/f$ noise more effectively sensitizes the baroreflex centers in human brain than white noise. examined compensatory heart rate response to a weak periodic signal introduced via venous blood pressure receptors while adding or with same variance stem through bilateral cutaneous stimulation of vestibular afferents. In both cases, this noisy galvanic optimized covariance between input signals and responses. However, optimal level was significantly lower noise,...