The ionization produced by electrons having energies of several tens electron volts in the nighttime Venusian atmosphere is investigated on basis plasma measurements made board Venera 9 and 10. We conclude that fluxes are sufficient to produce a ionosphere with maximal density 10 4 cm −3 . Calculated profiles show shapes closely resembling measured ones agreeing values corresponding altitudes as well.

Preliminary results of ion and electron plasma measurements near Venus are presented discussed. The data were obtained with wide‐angle analyzers carried on the Venera 9 10 spacecraft. On basis 33 bow shock crossings position is quite stable agrees well theoretical predictions Spreiter et al. H/r 0 = 0.01 a stagnation point altitude ∼500 km. This observation lends strong support to assumption that solar wind interacts upper ionosphere not planetary magnetic field. These spacecraft first...

We report observations that show the dependence of altitude magnetic pileup boundary (MPB) at Mars on planetary latitude. As seen by Global Surveyor Magnetometer/Electron Reflectometer instrument, MPB is further away from average southern latitudes than northern latitudes. The data are consistent with a distance mapped to terminator plane does not vary latitude in hemisphere, but increases increasing hemisphere. also increased variability within longitude range 90–270° E. hemisphere which...

We develop a method to infer the upstream solar wind pressure at Mars using data from Global Surveyor (MGS) magnetometer instrument. The assumes magnetic field in pileup region balances incident dynamic pressure. Newtonian balance conditions are imposed for positions off of subflow point. Proof concept exists mapping phase spacecraft mission, when orbital geometry constant altitude allows fits as function zenith angle. During elliptical orbit MGS, passes through large range altitudes, such...

The slopes of the electron density profiles obtained by radio occultation experiments at Mars revealed different variations with solar zenith angle in comparison behavior magnetic field free ionosphere Venus. results Mars‐Global‐Surveyor (MGS) spacecraft show existence highly variable and very localized fields crustal origin Mars. Addressing difference between Venus Mars, scale heights methods onboard Mariner 9 Viking 1 are analyzed altitudes higher than topside boundary photoequlibrium...

A systematic review of heliobiological studies the last 25 years devoted to study potential influence space weather factors on human health and well-being was carried out. We proposed three criteria (coordinates), according which work solar–biospheric relations systematized: time scale data sampling (years, days, hours, minutes); level organization biological system under (population, group, individual, body system); degree response (norm, adaptation, failure adaptation (illness), disaster...

This paper describes the features of boundary in plasma ion composition near Mars which separates region dominated by solar wind protons from planetary origin. was detected ASPERA experiment on Phobos 2. It is argued that this seem to be similar those other boundaries elsewhere: cometopause comet Halley, and a appears Venus during periods high dynamic pressure. Numerical modeling interaction with supports idea maximum Martian neutral atmosphere can result transition ions low‐altitude...

Protecting people with various diseases from the adverse effects of space weather factors requires an understanding their on healthy who participate in heliobiological research as a ‘control group’. This study aimed to investigate effect human heart-rate synchronization variations geomagnetic field ULF frequency range (1–5 mHz) (“biogeosynchronization effect”). We analyzed 61 electrocardiogram recordings 100 min that were obtained 24–27 September 2023, 10–13 May 2024 and October two female...

The magnetic fluxes associated with the Martian crustal remanent magnetization have been studied in order to investigate global structure of field and above level ionosphere. intensely nonuniformly magnetized sources generate an effective large‐scale field. Reconnection interplanetary can possibly take place many localized regions. This will permit solar wind (SW) more energetic particles precipitate into heat neutral atmosphere by impact ionization. may occur not only cusp‐like structures...

Electron density profiles of the ionosphere Mars derived from radio occultation data obtained by science Global Surveyor (MGS) experiment have been compared with crustal magnetic fields measured MGS Magnetometer/Electron Reflectometer (MAG/ER) experiment. In northern hemisphere are rather weak and usually do not prevent direct interaction between solar wind (SW) Martian ionosphere/atmosphere. Exceptions occur in isolated mini‐magnetospheres formed anomalies. Much stronger located limited...

The peak electron density in the ionosphere of Mars and neutral atmosphere scale height are proportional to solar radiation flux. data radio occultation experiments on board Mariner 9 Viking 1 2 have already been analyzed derive relationship between F 10.7 flux which was used as a proxy UV radiation. points from missions distributed −40° +38° latitude rather nonuniformly longitude. experiment with Global Surveyor (MGS) accelerometer has revealed significant diurnal variations latitudinal...

Abstract. In biology, circadian rhythms with a period of one cycle in 20–28 h are known to be ubiquitous and partly endogenous. Rhythms frequency lower than per day called 'infradian rhythms'. Among them components about 3.5, 7, 14 28 days, the multiseptans, which, like circadians, must regarded as general characteristic life: they characterize unicells well much more differentiated organisms. We hypothesize that heliogeophysical factors other solar visible light, held responsible for...

The body of current heliobiological evidence suggests that very weak variable magnetic fields due to solar- and geomagnetic-activities do have a biological effect. Geomagnetic disturbances can cause nonspecific reaction in the human – kind general adaptation syndrome which occurs any external stress factor. Also, specific reactions develop. One reasons discussed for similarity between heliogeophysical rhythms is geomagnetic variations direct influence on organisms, although exact...

This study aimed to investigate the effect of human heart-rate synchronization with variations in geomagnetic field (GMF) (“biogeophysical effect”). We analyzed 403 electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings 100 or 120 min that were obtained 2012–2023 from two middle-aged female volunteers good health. The minute-value series GMF vector INTERMAGNET network was used. Each ECG recording individually examined using cross-correlation and wavelet analysis. findings separate experimental sets (306...

An analysis of available experimental data and theoretical concepts indicates that the interaction solar wind (SW) on subsolar side with Venus, which has no intrinsic magnetic field, Mars, a small is determined by dynamic pressure contribution from neutral planetary atmosphere to this interaction. The pattern SW these planets different in principle for high low pressures related varying intensity ion formation processes (the Mass loading effect) vicinity obstacle boundary, moves into regions...

Investigations of the effect geomagnetic activity influence on heart rhythm regulation cosmonauts during expeditions onboard Soyuz spacecraft, and MIR orbital space stations was carried out for various durations flight in weightlessness and, under control groups who were inspected conditions outside disturbances ground preflight conditions, without them. The four series analytical researches which data about changes characteristics rate variability are demonstrated first time presence...

The solar wind (SW) mainly interacts with the Martian ionosphere/atmosphere. However, intense crustal magnetization creates localized minimagnetospheres above surface. interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) can reconnect these fields and this allows SW more energetic particles to precipitate into heat neutral atmosphere in regions, especially southern hemisphere. A study of 907 electron density profiles obtained by MGS Radio Science (RS) experiment at latitudes from +63° +77° 219 −69° −64.5°...