Substantial evidence indicates that older readers of alphabetic languages (e.g., English and German) compensate for age-related reading difficulty by employing a more risky strategy in which words are skipped frequently. The effects healthy aging on behavior nonalphabetic languages, like Chinese, largely unknown, although this would reveal the extent to changes universal. Accordingly, present research used measures eye movements investigate adult age differences Chinese reading. young (18–30...

Studies using a grammaticality decision task have revealed surprising flexibility in the processing of word order during sentence reading both alphabetic and non-alphabetic scripts. Participants these studies typically exhibit transposed-word effect, which they make more errors slower correct responses for stimuli that contain transposition are derived from grammatical as compared to ungrammatical base sentences. Some researchers used this finding argue words encoded parallel reading, such...

Eye movement research in Chinese shows that young adults encode character order flexibly during parafoveal processing and word predictability can influence this early stage. Whether these effects change older age is unclear, although other suggests readers have reduced capabilities. Using the boundary paradigm (Rayner, 1975), we compared eye data from 60 (18-30 years) with new 36 (65-75 years). Participants read sentences two-character target words of high or low predictability. Before their...

The increased research examining social media addiction with its negative consequences has raised concerns over the past decade. However, little investigated association between and executive functioning as well mechanisms underlying this relationship.Using a survey, present study examined via emotional disturbance sleep quality among 1051 Chinese young adults, aged 18 to 27 years old (M=21.02 [SD=1.89]; 34.41% male).The results showed that had significant but positive associations poor...

Studies have shown that the transposed-letter effect is moderated by visual factors, but whether transposed-character in Chinese language factors such as contrast display remains unknown. Accordingly, we conducted two experiments using a single-presentation lexical decision task with real words (满面春风), (满春面风) and replacement-character (满而泰风) pseudowords manipulated features of stimuli, four characters same color or first last different colors (满面春风 vs 满面春风) Experiment 1 critical plain...

Age-related reading difficulty is well established for alphabetic languages. Compared to young adults (18-30 years), older (65+ years) read more slowly, make and longer fixations, regressions, produce larger word-frequency effects. However, whether similar effects are observed nonalphabetic languages like Chinese remains be determined. In particular, recent research has suggested readers experience age-related but do not age differences in the effect. This might represent an important...

An influential account of normative aging effects on reading holds that older adults make greater use contextual predictability to facilitate word identification. However, supporting evidence is scarce. Accordingly, we used measures eye movements experimentally investigate age differences in Chinese reading, as this nonalphabetic language has characteristics may promote such effects. Word-skipping rates were higher and times lower for more highly predictable words both groups. Effects...

Effects of word length on where and for how long readers fixate within text are preserved in older age alphabetic languages like English that use spaces to demarcate boundaries.However, effects naturally unspaced, character-based Chinese unknown.Accordingly, we examined differences eye movements short (2-character) (4-character) words during reading.Word eye-fixation times were greater than younger adults.We suggest this difference is due adults' saccades landing more rarely at optimal...

Recent research using a speeded grammaticality decision revealed novel transposed-word effects when reading alphabetic languages such as French (Mirault, Snell, & Grainger, 2018), and nonalphabetic Chinese (Liu, Li, Paterson, Wang, 2020). Transposed-word are considered to reflect flexibility in word order processing, but the factors that might modulate remain unknown. The present study investigated this issue by within-subjects design reading. In experiment 1, participants were asked read...

Older adults experience greater difficulty compared to young during both alphabetic and nonalphabetic reading. However, while this age-related reading may be attributable visual cognitive declines in older adulthood, the underlying causes remain unclear. With present research, we focused on effects related complexity of written language. Chinese is ideally suited investigating such effects, as characters logographic writing system can vary substantially (in terms their number strokes, i.e.,...

In alphabetic languages, prior exposure to a target word's orthographic neighbour influences word recognition in masked priming experiments and the process of identification that occurs during normal reading. We investigated whether similar effects are observed Chinese 4 (employing forward mask 33-ms, 50-ms, 67-ms prime durations) an experiment measured eye movements while these experiments, stroke character was defined as any differed by addition, deletion, or substitution one two strokes....

Research with alphabetic scripts shows that providing an invalid parafoveal preview eliminates or diminishes effects of contextual predictability on word identification, revealing such depend the interplay between top-down expectations and bottom-up perceptual information. Whether similar are observed in character-based like Chinese is unknown. However, knowledge would extend our understanding prediction different writing systems. Accordingly, we conducted eye movement experiment using...

Older adults are thought to compensate for slower lexical processing by making greater use of contextual knowledge, relative young adults, predict words in sentences. Accordingly, compared older should produce larger predictability effects reading times and skipping rates words. Empirical support this account is nevertheless scarce. Perhaps the clearest evidence date comes from a recent Chinese study showing word but not two-character However, one possibility that absence word-skipping...

The 'Positive Effect' is defined as the phenomenon of preferential cognitive processing positive affective information, and avoidance or dismissal negative information in social environment. found for older people compared with younger western societies believed to reflect a preference emotional regulation adults. It not known whether such an effect Universal, East Asian cultures, there highly controversial debate concerning this question. In current experiment we explored Chinese...

Research suggests that pattern complexity (number of strokes) limits the visual span for Chinese characters, and this may have important consequences reading. With present research, we investigated age differences in characters by presenting trigrams low, medium or high at various locations relative to a central point young (18–30 years) older (60+ adults. A sentence reading task was used assess their speed. The results showed size smaller stimuli compared low both groups, replicating...

Large-scale changes in text spacing, such as removing the spaces between words, disrupt reading more for older (65+ years) than younger (18-30 adults. However, it is unknown whether readers show greater sensitivity to simultaneous subtle inter-letter and inter-word spacing encountered everyday reading. To investigate this, we recorded young adults' eye movements while sentences which was normal, condensed (10 20% smaller normal), or expanded larger normal). Each sentence included either a...

We examined performance in the antisaccade task for younger and older adults by comparing latencies errors what we defined as high attentional focus (mixed antisaccades prosaccades same block) low (antisaccades separate blocks) conditions. Shorter saccade correctly executed eye movements were observed both groups mixed, compared to blocked, tasks, but error rates higher participants across The results are discussed relation inhibitory hypothesis, goal neglect theory control theory.