Two experiments tested whether a peak-shifted generalization gradient could be explained by the averaging of distinct gradients displayed in subgroups reporting different rules.Across using causal judgment task (Experiment 1) and fear conditioning paradigm 2), we found close concordance between self-reported rules continuous stimulus dimension (hue).Both also showed an overall peakshifted after differential conditioning, but not single cue conditioning.Importantly, peak shift decomposed into...

Individuals differ in their sensitivity to the adverse consequences of actions, leading some persist maladaptive behaviors. Two pathways have been identified for this insensitivity: a motivational pathway based on excessive reward valuation and behavioral autonomous stimulus-response mechanisms. Here, we identify third, cognitive differences punishment knowledge use that suppress behavior. We show distinct phenotypes emerge from what people learn about actions. Exposed identical...

Punishment maximises the probability of our individual survival by reducing behaviours that cause us harm, and also sustains trust fairness in groups essential for social cohesion. However, some individuals are more sensitive to punishment than others these differences sensitivity have been linked a variety decision-making deficits psychopathologies. The mechanisms why differ poorly understood, although recent studies conditioned rodents highlight key role contingency detection...

Commentary on Leising et al. (in press). Are you studying occasion setting? A review for inquiring minds. Comparative Cognition and Behavior Reviews.

Stimulus generalization, or the transfer of learned responses between stimuli, is a critical ability for adaptation to everyday life. In typical experiment, generalization assessed by measuring stimuli varying along physical dimension. Variations in gradient are usually interpreted as differences underlying cognitive process generalization. A recent study Zaman, Yu, and Verheyen (2023) seeks challenge this view, arguing that best modeled perceptual factors individual perception identify...

Generalization of learning can arise from two distinct sources: failure to discriminate a novel test stimulus the trained stimulus, and active extrapolation despite them being discriminable.We investigated these processes in predictive task by testing discriminability (identification stimulus) as well generalization (outcome expectancy).Generalization gradients were broader for expectancy than identification, both single cue differential (discrimination) designs, implying substantial...

When generalizing properties from known to novel instances, both positive evidence (instances possess a property) and negative not must be integrated. The current study compared generalization based on alone against mixture of perceptually dissimilar in an interdimensional discrimination procedure. In 2 experiments, we following training with single stimulus (that predicted shock) groups where additional did predict was presented causal judgment (Experiment 1) fear conditioning 2) contrast...

Influential models of causal learning assume that about generative and preventive relationships are symmetrical to each other. That is, a cue directly prevents an outcome from occurring (i.e., “direct” prevention) in the same way causes occur. However, previous studies our lab have shown many participants do not infer direct prevention structure after feature-negative discrimination (A+/AB–) with unidirectional (Lee & Lovibond, 2021). Melchers et al. (2006) suggested use bidirectional...

Traditional associative learning theories predict that training with feature negative (A+/AB-) contingencies leads to the B acquiring strength and becoming a conditioned inhibitor (i.e., prevention learning). However, can sometimes result in occasion setting, where modulates effect of A. Other studies suggest participants learn about configurations cues rather than their individual elements. In this study, we administered simultaneous an allergist causal task tested whether evidence for...

How is new information organized in memory? According to latent state theories, this determined by the level of surprise, or prediction error, generated information: a small error leads updating existing memory, large encoding memory. We tested idea using protocol which rats were first conditioned fear stimulus paired with shock. The was then gradually extinguished progressively reducing shock intensity until presented alone. Consistent gradual extinction (small errors) better than standard...

Single-cue delay eyeblink conditioning is presented as a prototypical example of automatic, nonsymbolic learning that carried out by subcortical circuits. However, it has been difficult to assess the role cognition in single-cue because participants become aware simple stimulus contingency so quickly. In this experiment ( n = 166), we masked reduce awareness. We observed strong relationship between awareness and conditioned responding, with both trace procedures. This finding suggests...

In property induction tasks, encountering a diverse range of instances (e.g., hippos and hamsters) with given usually increases our willingness to generalise that novel instance, relative non-diverse evidence rhinos). Although generalisation in predictive learning tasks share conceptual similarities, it is unknown whether this diversity principle applies association. We tested hypothesis two experiments using differential training where one category stimuli fruits) predicted an outcome...

In the field of stimulus generalization, an old yet unresolved discussion pertains to what extent misidentifications contribute pattern conditioned responding. this article, we perform cluster analysis on six datasets (four published and two unpublished datasets, included N = 950) examine relationship between interindividual differences in (a) identification, (b) patterns generalized responding, (c) verbalized generalization rules. The were obtained from online predictive learning tasks...

Studying generalisation of associative learning requires analysis response gradients measured over a continuous stimulus dimension. In human studies, there is often high degree individual variation in the gradients, making it difficult to draw conclusions about group-level trends with traditional statistical methods. Here, we demonstrate novel method analysing based on hierarchical Bayesian curve-fitting. This involves fitting an augmented (asymmetrical) Gaussian function and estimating its...

In human causal learning, excitatory and inhibitory learning effects can sometimes be found in the same paradigm by altering conditions. This study aims to explore whether feature negative dissociated emphasising speed over accuracy. two experiments, participants were given a discrimination which outcome caused one cue was prevented addition of another. Participants completed training trials either self-paced fashion with instructions accuracy, or under strict time constraints speed. Using...

Background: Withdrawal from addictive drugs can be reduced by administering placebo deceptively, but in the clinic it is unethical to deceive patient. Open-label effects have been observed across a range of psychophysiological phenomena, and may also apply drug withdrawal. Method: 24-hour abstinent heavy coffee drinkers ( N = 61) rated their caffeine withdrawal symptoms before being allocated one three groups. The Deceptive group was given decaffeinated (decaf) told caffeinated, Open-Label...

How is new information organized in memory? According to latent state theories, this determined by the level of surprise, or prediction error, generated information: small error = updating existing memory, large encoding memory. We tested idea using a protocol which rats were first conditioned fear stimulus paired with shock. The was then gradually extinguished progressively reducing shock intensity until presented alone. Consistent gradual extinction (small errors) better than standard...

After discrimination learning between two stimuli that lie on a continuum, animals typically exhibit generalization the basis of similarity to physical features stimuli, often producing peak-shifted gradient. However, post-discrimination in humans usually resembles monotonically increasing (e.g., linear) gradient is better characterized as following relational rule describing difference stimuli. The current study tested whether rule-based could be disrupted by reducing applicability test. We...

We have previously reported that human participants trained with a simultaneous feature negative discrimination (intermixed A+/AB- trials) show only modest transfer of inhibitory properties B to separately excitor in summation test. Their self-reported causal structure suggested many learned the effect was somewhat specific it had been (modulation), rather than learning prevented outcome (prevention). This pattern is reminiscent distinction between occasion-setting and conditioned inhibition...

People often rely on the covariation between events to infer causality.However, cues and outcomes may change over time.In associative learning literature, extinction provides a model study updating of causal beliefs when previously established relationship no longer holds.Prediction error theories can explain both protection from an inhibitory (preventive) cue is present during extinction.In three experiments using allergist task, we found that could also be achieved by hidden cause was...