Aim To explore interruptions during medication preparation and administration their consequences. Background Although not all in nursing have a negative impact, rounds been associated with errors. Method A non-participant observational study was undertaken of nurses conducting rounds. Results Fifty-six events (including 101 interruptions) were observed. Most (99%) interrupted, resulting stopping or to address the interruption (mean 2.5 minutes). The mean number 1.79 (SD 1.04). Thirty-four...

Abstract The degree to which people take advice, and the factors that influence advice-taking, are of broad interest laypersons, professionals, policy-makers. This meta-analysis on 346 effect sizes from 129 independent datasets ( N = 17, 296) assessed weight advice in judge-advisor system paradigm, as well sample task characteristics. Information about advisor(s) is suggestive quality was only unique predictor overall pooled advice. Individuals adjusted estimates by 32%, 37%, 48% response...

A laboratory model was developed to study human avoidance learning. Participants could avoid an electric shock signalled by a 5-s conditioned stimulus (CS) pressing one of set response buttons. Self-reported expectancy and skin conductance were recorded during subsequent 10-s interval before shock. Shock declined when the correct learned returned unavailable. Learning transferred another CS. Parallel effects observed on once performance anxiety controlled requiring responding all trials....

Four experiments studied the role of opioid receptors in midbrain periaqueductal gray matter (PAG), an important structure eliciting conditioned fear responses, extinction Pavlovian fear. Rats received pairings auditory stimulus (CS) with a foot shock unconditioned (US). The freezing response (CR) elicited by CS was then extinguished via nonreinforced presentations CS. Microinjection receptor antagonist naloxone into ventrolateral PAG (vlPAG) before nonrein-forced impaired development...

Individuals differ in their sensitivity to the adverse consequences of actions, leading some persist maladaptive behaviors. Two pathways have been identified for this insensitivity: a motivational pathway based on excessive reward valuation and behavioral autonomous stimulus-response mechanisms. Here, we identify third, cognitive differences punishment knowledge use that suppress behavior. We show distinct phenotypes emerge from what people learn about actions. Exposed identical...

This study investigates two aspects of visual processing and perceptual learning: the impact training on human system's ability to integrate information across field influence aversive electrodermal stimulation performance in an orientation averaging task. Through a ten-day regimen that manipulated set-size Gabor element arrays, we observe consistent degradation with increasing set-size, leading overall improvements accuracy response times, but only marginal interaction (for times). suggests...

Injection of the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone facilitated acquisition fear to contextual and auditory conditioned stimuli (CSs) in Experiments 1A 1B.Experiment 2 showed that prior conditioning a distinctive context blocked an CS.Blocking CS was prevented by administrations or increases footshock intensity.Blocking decreases intensity naloxone-reversible manner.Experiment 3 compound two CSs, each previously separately paired with shock, produced overexpectation reversed naloxone.These...

Until recently, the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone was commonly used to lessen morbidity of chronic lung disease in premature infants. This practice diminished as use linked an increased incidence cerebral palsy and short-term neurodevelopmental delay. Of more concern is fact that we know little regarding effects on long-term neurodevelopment. To study neonatal exposure neurodevelopment, have developed a rat model where newborn pups are exposed tapering doses at time points...

Can conditioning occur without conscious awareness of the contingency between stimuli? We trained participants on two separate reaction time tasks that ensured attention to experimental stimuli. The were then interleaved create a differential Pavlovian visual stimuli from one task and an airpuff stimulus other. Many unaware failed show eyeblink conditioning, despite attending salient was contingently contiguously related over many trials. Manipulation by verbal instruction dramatically...

This study investigates the role of extrinsic and intrinsic predictors in perception affect mostly unfamiliar musical chords from Bohlen-Pierce microtonal tuning system. Extrinsic are derived, part, long-term statistical regularities music; for example, prevalence a chord corpus music that is relevant to participant. Conversely, make no use psychoacoustic features inherent music, such as roughness. Two types were measured each chord: pleasantness/unpleasantness happiness/sadness. We modelled...

Punishment maximises the probability of our individual survival by reducing behaviours that cause us harm, and also sustains trust fairness in groups essential for social cohesion. However, some individuals are more sensitive to punishment than others these differences sensitivity have been linked a variety decision-making deficits psychopathologies. The mechanisms why differ poorly understood, although recent studies conditioned rodents highlight key role contingency detection...

Punishment learning is of the causal relationship between responses and their adverse or undesirable consequences. Here, we review our translational approach for understanding whether, when, how individuals differ in what they learn during punishment, these differences may drive persistent poor maladaptive decisions. We show that individual punishment insensitivity can emerge from about (instrumental contingency knowledge), rather than aversive valuation, reward general (impulsivity),...

The likelihood, size, and speed of eyelid movements are thought to covary during the acquisition expression conditioning in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) generally accepted as interchangeable measures associative strength activated by conditioned stimulus (CS). To test this assumption, authors examined patterns covariation these movement generalization upper nictitating membrane. Rather than expected among measures, magnitudes CS were distributed approximately a bimodal manner. That is,...

Acute growth in negative affect is thought to play a major role triggering relapse opiate dependent individuals. Consistent with this view, three lab studies have demonstrated that mood induction increases craving The current study sought confirm these effects behavioural measure of heroin-seeking, and test whether the effect associated self-reported use cope subjective reactivity induction. Participants were heroin individuals engaged treatment services (n=47), control participants (n=25)....

P. Perruchet (1985b) showed a double dissociation of conditioned responses (CRs) and expectancy for an airpuff unconditioned stimulus (US) in 50% partial reinforcement schedule human eyeblink conditioning. In the effect, participants show increase CRs concurrent decrease across runs reinforced trials; conversely, nonreinforced trials. Three conditioning experiments investigated whether linear trend effect is result changes associative strength (CS), US sensitization, or learning precise...

Single-cue delay eyeblink conditioning is presented as a prototypical example of automatic, nonsymbolic learning that carried out by subcortical circuits. However, it has been difficult to assess the role cognition in single-cue because participants become aware simple stimulus contingency so quickly. In this experiment ( n = 166), we masked reduce awareness. We observed strong relationship between awareness and conditioned responding, with both trace procedures. This finding suggests...

This study aimed to assess the potential association between age-related prefrontal brain changes and slot machine gambling, an activity that has become increasingly popular among older adults. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used healthy younger adults whilst playing a machine. Results revealed group over-recruited several bilateral contralateral structures relative group. Specifically, exhibited increased neural activation in superior cortex left orbitofrontal cortex, indicating...

Cognitive-control theories attribute action control to executive processes that modulate behavior on the basis of expectancy or task rules. In current study, we examined corticospinal excitability and behavioral performance in a go/no-go task. Go no-go trials were presented runs five, go alternated predictably. At beginning each trial, subjects indicated whether they expected trial trial. Analyses revealed immediately adjusted their ratings when new run started. However, motor was primarily...

Stress induction reduces people's ability to modify their instrumental choices following changes in the value of outcomes, but mechanisms underpinning this effect have not been specified because previous studies lacked crucial control conditions. To address this, current study had participants learn two responses for food and water, respectively, before water was devalued by specific satiety. Choice between these then measured extinction, reacquisition Pavlovian transfer (PIT) tests....

In 3 experiments, we examined Perruchet, Cleeremans, and Destrebecqz's (2006) double dissociation of cued reaction time (RT) target expectancy. this design, participants receive a tone on every trial are required to respond as quickly possible square presented 50% those trials (a partial reinforcement schedule). Participants faster the following many recent tone-square pairings slower tone-alone presentations. Of importance, expectancy is highest when performance RT task poorest-following...