Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi produces abundant root-specific flavones (RSFs), which provide various benefits to human health. We have elucidated the complete biosynthetic pathways of baicalein and wogonin. However, transcriptional regulation flavone biosynthesis in S. remains unclear. show that SbMYB3 transcription factor functions as a activator involved RSFs baicalensis. Yeast one-hybrid activation assays showed binds promoter synthase II-2 (SbFNSII-2) enhances its transcription. In...

Habenaria species typically produce green or white flowers, bear nectar spurs, emit crepuscular-nocturnal scents, and are usually pollinated by crepuscular/nocturnal moths. However, the roles of floral traits in pollinator differentiation contributing to reproductive success sympatric require further definition. In this study, we investigated flowering phenology, traits, behavior, two co-occurring co-blooming (H. ciliolaris H. schindleri) southeastern China. We also conducted intraspecific...

Pontederia cordata, a horticulturally valuable ornamental plant, exhibits cadmium (Cd) tolerance, but its photosynthetic response to Cd stress has not been fully elucidated. Here, we employed hydroponics investigate the effects of varying concentrations on leaf morphology, anatomy, physiology, and carbon metabolism enzymes in P. cordata. At 0.1 mM Cd, plants grew well showed no toxicity, with normal chloroplast ultrastructure chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. Higher (0.2–0.4 mM) disrupted...

Abstract Many species of Salvia have excellent ornamental, culinary, and medicinal values. daiguii , is an ornamental highly perennial herb endemic to the prefecture‐level city Zhangjiajie in Hunan Province, China, with a narrow geographical distribution. However, currently, it has only been assessed as Critically Endangered according IUCN classification criteria, but its conservation not yet studied. This study investigated distribution niche characteristics S. compared differences growth,...

Abstract Habenaria is one of the largest terrestrial genera in family Orchidaceae. Most field studies on species with greenish–white and nocturnal scented flowers are pollinated by hawkmoths settling moths. However, H. rhodocheila presents reddish lacking a detectable scent fails to fit moth pollination syndrome. We investigated pollinators, breeding system, functional traits South China found that two diurnal swallowtail butterflies Papilio helenus nephelus (Papilionidae) were effective...

Red sage (Salvia miltiorrhiza) is a widely used medicinal plant for treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Because excessive excavation by huge market demand habitat loss human activities, the wild population resources S. miltiorrhiza have reduced drastically in recent years. Meanwhile, status two closely related species bowleyana paramiltiorrhiza were trend decreasing due to their potential replacement miltiorrhiza. Particularly, was threatened endemic small region...

Abstract Many plants exhibit floral traits that are directed to specific pollinator groups. Nevertheless, they can also attract less‐adapted pollinators and gain benefits under certain conditions, resulting in adapted generalization. This may be the case Salvia daiguii (Lamiaceae), an endangered, bee‐pollinated species native Tianmenshan National Forest Park, China. The flower appears phenotypically specialized bees but is visited by Macroglossum bombylans. In present study, we test whether...

Delayed autonomous selfing (DAS) provides reproductive assurance under conditions of pollinator and/or pollen-limitation. Few plant species have been investigated to determine if DAS is terminated when a flower sufficiently pollinated by pollen vector, thereby saving resources for other purposes. We examined this possibility in bumblebee-pollinated Salvia umbratica . first showed that resulting high fruit set (100%) and seed (>80%) per occurred the absence insect pollinators means...

Abstract Flowers of Salvia are characterized by a diversity staminal lever types mediating pollen transfer. In the East Asian subgenus Glutinaria, species have been categorized based on their distinct flower and stamen morphologies. A hypothesized advantage degraded-lever suggests they may optimize pollinator foraging time, increase visitation rates, potentially trigger autonomous self-pollination. However, this hypothesis remains untested. Here, castanea, S. miltiorrhiza, liguliloba were...

Abstract Flowers have developed different strategies to attract pollinators through visual or olfactory signals. Most flowers offer a reward (e.g. nectar and pollen) for the pollination service. However, one‐third of Orchidaceae been shown not provide reward. Calanthe are terrestrial orchids distributed throughout China, Nepal, Japan tropical Asia. Despite its high diversity, biology remains largely unknown, even though it is an important aspect plant conservation. In study, field surveying,...

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Abstract Batesian mimicry, a type of deceptive pollination, is complicated strategy used by nonrewarding plants to attract pollinators, but some hypotheses concerning this have not been systematically verified. In order show in detail case mimicry on saprophytic orchid Danxiaorchis yangii , the ecological relationship between Lysimachia alfredi and Dufourea spp. was explored. could provide reward sp., whereas not. The floral morphology geographical distribution these two were highly...

Salvia honania L. H. Bailey is an endemic species, mainly distributed in Henan and Hubei provinces China. The first complete chloroplast genome of was sequenced assembled this study. 151,559 bp length contains 132 encoded genes total, including 87 protein-coding genes, eight ribosomal RNA 37 transfer genes. phylogenomic analysis showed that closely related to meiliensis according the current sampling extent.

Cymbidium kanran is classified as a second-level protected plant in China and also listed the World Genetic Conservation Plant Registry. Pollen flow an important factor influencing genetic structure of populations, holding significant relevance conservation endangered plants. In this study, we present comprehensive exploration pollination biology , encompassing investigations into its flowering phenology, breeding system, floral volatile components, interactions with pollinating insects. The...

Salvia subviolacea Y.K.Wei & Pendry, a new species from China, is described. belongs to subg. Glutinaria (Raf.) G.X.Hu, C.L.Xiang B.T.Drew, sect. Eurysphace E.Peter, and distinguished morphologically similar by differences in its habit, leaves, inflorescences flowers. It has disjunct distribution Sichuan Xizang, IUCN Red List conservation assessment Endangered. The Xizang population under extreme threat rapid measures need be taken.

Abstract: Pollination is a crucial aspect of plant reproduction and evolution. To explore the pollination biology Cymbidium kanran, detailed studies were conducted on its flowering phenology, breeding system, volatile components flowers, behavior pollinating insects. The results showed that: 1) C. kanran does not have self-pollination or apomixis requires medium to produce seeds. However, natural fruit set rate much lower than that artificial pollination, indicating serious limitation. 2)...

Natural hybridization plays an important role in speciation; however, we still know little about the mechanisms underlying early stages of hybrid speciation. Hybrid zones are commonly dominated by F 1 s, or backcrosses, which impedes further In present study, morphological traits and double digest restriction‐site associated DNA sequencing (ddRAD-seq) data have been used to confirm natural between Salvia flava S . castanea , first case identification using combined phenotypic molecular...