Abstract Early in the growing season, abiotic (freezing temperatures, hail, flooding, etc.) and biotic (slugs, deer, disease, insects, factors often reduce soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] plant populations. Although seeing a field with poor seedling vigor, slow growth, low population density triggers an urge to replant, such fields do not always need be replanted. The objectives of this management guide are (a) address necessary considerations prior replanting field; (b) provide images...

Abstract Double crops and cover can increase cropping intensity diversity, which are associated with productive, sustainable systems. However, adoption of remains low. A long‐term study a no‐till, sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]–soybean Glycine max Merr.]–wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) rotation intensified double or was used to evaluate the effect fallow management nitrogen fertilizer applications on system productivity net returns. The experiment established near Manhattan, KS, in...

Cover crops and in-season nitrogen (N) management are promoted as key conservation practices for reducing nitrate leaching losses from agricultural fields. However, their combined effects on soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions per unit of crop productivity remains uncertain. These might contribute to high N2O by providing N C substrates microbial denitrification activity, especially when application coincides with cover decomposition. The objective this study was evaluate the timing cereal...

Nitrogen (N) losses from cropping systems in the U.S. Midwest represent a major environmental and economic concern, negatively impacting water air quality. While considerable research has investigated processes controls of N this region, significant knowledge gaps still exist, particularly related to temporal spatial variability crop uptake at field-scale. The objectives manuscript study were (i) describe unique application monitoring remote sensing technologies quantify evaluate...

Artificial subsurface drainage is essential to sustain crop production in many areas but may also impair water quality by exacerbating nitrate (NO3 )-nitrogen (N) delivery downstream. Cover crops and split-N application have been promoted as key conservation practices for reducing NO3 -N losses, few studies simultaneously assessed their effect on productivity. A field study was conducted evaluate the effects of N timing cover losses grain yield continuous corn (Zea mays L.). Treatments were...

Abstract Few studies have addressed whether in‐field practices to reduce nitrate‐nitrogen (NO 3 ‐N) leaching might increase nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions, which could undermine attempts mitigate agricultural N pollution. Over a 3‐year period, we assessed the impacts of application timing and cereal rye ( Secale cereale L.) cover crop on subsurface drainage NO ‐N O emissions quantify changes in total loss corresponding social environmental damage costs under continuous corn Zea mays L.)....

Abstract Cereal rye ( Secale cereale L.; CR) is promoted as a cover crop practice for reducing nitrate leaching losses in the U.S. Midwest. However, early‐season nitrogen immobilization during CR decomposition may contribute to yield reductions corn Zea mays L.). Field trials were conducted at three sites determine if N starter fertilizer could increase plant uptake and grain of following CR. Treatments two‐way factorial with two treatments (CR no four treatments: subsurface banded (2 by 2...

Grain sorghum growth and development was affected by cover crop N management. Sorghum–sudangrass prior to grain required maintain yield. Late maturing soybean increased yield at suboptimal rates. crop, fertilizer replacement value of 44 kg ha –1 . Cover crops (CCs) can affect management influencing nutrient cycling requirement. Cropping systems with different CCs were established in 2007 examine the response [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. Four CC treatments {summer legume, late‐maturing...

Abstract Although yield responses of soybeans [ Glycine max (L.) Merrill] to nitrogen (N) fertilizer are rare, occasional increases, especially in high‐yielding soybeans, have encouraged some producers apply N. We conducted nine field experiments between 2014 and 2017 over a range soil types environments evaluate soybean response N (as urea) applied at planting, R1, R3, R5, all four timings. Our results showed that single application R1 did not increase any location, while applying R3 or R5...

Abstract. Dependable flow rate measurements are necessary to calculate volumes and resulting nutrient loads from subsurface drainage systems associated conservation practices. The objectives of this study were (1) develop appropriate weir equations for a new stainless steel-edged 45° V-notch developed AgriDrain inline water level control structures (2) determine if the equation was independent depth in structure. Weirs 15 cm (6 in.) 25 (10 placed at three heights each structure: base, 48 or...

Abstract Biochar is promoted as a means of improving soil fertility. Yet, few experiments have investigated its potential to improve nitrogen (N) use efficiency for high‐yielding maize production in the U.S. Midwest. We tested hypothesis that biochar application increases inorganic N availability during growth, leading higher grain yields and recovery while reducing risk leaching following harvest. Four fertilizer rates (0, 90, 179, 269 kg ha −1 urea ammonium nitrate [UAN] solution) were...

Abstract New process‐based tools for predicting in‐season soil nitrogen (N) levels has the potential to provide timely information N management decisions corn ( Zea mays L.) production systems in U.S. There is, however, little published data supporting assumption that mineral (SMN, NH 4 ‐N + NO 3 at 0–60 cm) is correlated with yield response different vegetative growth stages. Moreover, degree which changes SMN influence risk of losses uncertain. Data from 32 site‐years field experiments...

Freshwater nitrogen (N) pollution is a significant sustainability concern in agriculture. In the U.S. Midwest, large precipitation events during winter and spring are major driver of N losses. Uncertainty about fate applied early growing season can prompt farmers to make additional applications, increasing risk environmental New tools needed provide real-time estimates soil inorganic status for corn (Zea mays L.) production, especially considering projected increases losses due climate...

Abstract Cover crops (CCs) have been promoted as a key strategy to reduce nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions by scavenging excess mineral nitrogen (N) after cash crop harvest. Optimum N fertilizer application rates are also critical minimize O emissions. Integrating these strategies requires research understand how they interact drive The objective was evaluate from winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) harvest through the subsequent fallow period and grain sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]...

Agricultural phosphorus (P) loss, which is highly variable in space and time, has been studied using the hot spot/hot moment concept, but increasing rigor of these assessments through a relatively newer "ecosystem control point" framework may help better target management practices that provide disproportionate water quality benefit. Sixteen large (0.85 ha) subsurface drainage plots Illinois were used as individual observational units to assess dissolved reactive P (DRP) concentrations...