We investigate the capture effects for a wireless local area network (LAN) system in presence of multipath, shadowing, and near-far effects. The performance media access control (MAC) protocols with Rayleigh fading, effect are analyzed. consider carrier-sense multiple-access/collision-avoidance (CSMA/CA) as MAC protocols, since CSMA/CA based on standard LAN's IEEE 802.11. analyze compare channel throughput packet delay three types protocols: basic CSMA/CA, stop-and-wait automatic repeat...

For the past 10 to 13 million years, Antarctic notothenioid fish have undergone extraordinary periods of evolution and adapted a cold highly oxygenated marine environment. While these species are considered an attractive model with which study physiology evolutionary adaptation, they poorly characterized at molecular level, sequence information is lacking. The transcriptomes fishes Notothenia coriiceps, Chaenocephalus aceratus, Pleuragramma antarcticum were obtained by 454 FLX Titanium...

Pinus densiflora Siebold et Zucc. is the major green canopy species in mountainous area of Korea. To assess response resin acid biosynthetic genes to mechanical and chemical stimuli, we cloned cDNAs encoding enzymes involved 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway (1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (PdDXS), 1-deoxy-d-xylulose reductoisomerase (PdDXR) 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl 4-diphosphate reductase (PdHDR)) by rapid amplification cDNA ends (RACE) technique. In...

Pine wilt disease caused by pine wood nematodes (PWN) have been reported to give severe damage in many countries worldwide. Many measures of PWN management implemented, including using the nematophagous fungus Esteya vermicola as a biological control agent. However, understanding on interaction between this and trees is still limited. This study aimed evaluate effects resinous compounds spore germination mycelial growth E. vitro. Research results showed that from significantly affect...

The present study was undertaken to investigate the infection status of Cryptosporidium parvum in villagers and reservoir hosts several rural areas Korea. A total 5,262 fecal samples were collected from inhabitants residing at Gangwon-do, Chungcheongbuk-do, Jeollanam-do, Gyeongsangnam-do between dates September, 2001 June, 2002. In addition, 1,453 livestock reared Gokseong-gun, Jeollanam-do Chungju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do. All smears prepared by formalin-ether sedimentation, examined light...

Two-hundred and fifty-five strains of actinomycetes isolated from soil samples were screened for their antagonistic activities against four well-known wood decay fungi (WDF), including a brown rot fungus, Gloeophyllum trabeum three white Donkioporia expansa, Trametes versicolor, Schizophyllum commune. A dual culture assay using media supplemented with heated or unheated filtrates selected bacterial was used the detection antimicrobial activity WDF. It shown that Streptomyces atratus, S....

The present study investigated the prevalence rate of Cryptosporidium parvum as a cause diarrhea. We examined 942 stools unidentified reasons occurring in patients whom no immunosuppression had been detected. for via modified acid-fast staining. clinical records all positive were then analyzed. Nine (1%) among diarrheal C. parvum. males was 1.1% (6/522) and females 0.7% (3/420). Age distribution revealed that highest rates their sixties, with 2.5% (4/158). In tests, levels c-reactive...

Ga-doped Li7La3Zr2O12 (Ga-LLZO) solid-state electrolyte is a promising material for advanced batteries due to its superior ionic conductivity and mechanical properties. However, Ga-LLZO challenged by high grain boundary (GB) resistance dendrite propagation. Therefore, in this study, we suggest the two-step sintering (TSS) method controlling microstructure, resulting lower GB achieving resistance. To elucidate cycling performance, critical current density (CCD) test was performed on sample...

Diverse fungi are present in Korean traditional meju and they known to play an important role fermented soybean products. To determine the origin of meju, we examined mycoflora soybeans from 10 factories. The samples were untreated or treated with sodium hypochlorite, placed on malt extract agar (MEA), dichloran 18% glycerol (DG18), rose bengal chloramphenicol (DRBC) medium. A total 794 fungal strains isolated identified as 41 genera 86 species. From hypochlorite soybeans, genera,...

A key role that fungal endophytes play in interacting with their host plant can be defined by the fact they promote growth of plants and enhance tolerance against pathogens using bioactive compounds produce. Several studies utilizing endophytic fungi as a source biological control were conducted, representative example includes Aureobasidium protae from common wheat (Triticum aestivum), which inhibited mycelial Fusarium graminearum culmorum, causal agents head blight disease. Our previous...

Abstract Garnet-type Li 6.1 Ga 0.3 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 (LGLZO) exhibits high ionic conductivity and extremely low electronic conductivity. The electrochemical properties strongly depend on the characteristics of grain boundaries pores in oxide–ceramic electrolyte. Currently, main issue LGLZO is its large boundary resistance due to high-temperature sintering. Herein, we propose an effective method for reinforcing chemical structural using a O-B -Al (LBA) sintering aid. In this study, LBA aid...

We isolated a water-soluble extract, PG101, from cultured mycelia of Lentinus lepideus. Treatment human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with PG101 increased levels TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10, and IL-12 by 100- to 1000-fold, whereas GM-CSF IL-18 were activated an order magnitude. On the contrary, IFN-γ IL-4 not affected. The response occurred in dose- time-dependent manner. From PBMCs treated TNF-α was first cytokine be activated, detectable at 2 hr post-treatment followed IL-1β 6...

Fungal endophytes have been recorded in various plant species with a richness of diversity, and their presence plays an essential role host protection against biotic abiotic stresses. This study applied the Illumina MiSeq sequencing platform based on amplification fungal ribosomal ITS2 region to analyze endophytic communities two oak (Quercus mongolica Q. serrata) different wilt disease susceptibilities Korea. The results showed total 230,768 reads were obtained clustered at 97% similarity...

Lactarius and Lactifluus are milkcaps that characterized by the secretion of latex. These two genera part a globally distributed cosmopolitan group ectomycorrhizal fungi is an important food resource in various ecosystems. Recently, taxonomy has been revised based on molecular phylogenetics. Despite importance these taxa, Korean species both poorly understood. In effort to describe milkcap indigenous Korea, long-term study initiated. During recent survey, eight were previously unrecorded...