Polycomb (PcG) regulation has been thought to produce stable long-term gene silencing. Genomic analyses in Drosophila and mammals, however, have shown that it targets many genes, which can switch state during development. Genetic evidence indicates critical for the active of PcG target genes are histone methyltransferases Trithorax (TRX) ASH1. Here we analyze repertoire alternative states found different cell lines role proteins TRX ASH1 controlling these states. Using extensive genome-wide...

Abstract Sexual and asexual forms of plants animals often coexist in the same population. In such cases, assessment genotypic identity among individuals is vital for valid biological interpretation population evolutionary processes. Several methods are used identifying clones based on genetical marker data. The only method that detects which multilocus genotypes likely to be has limitations statistical power. We present a program ( mlg sim) that, using simulation approach, calculates...

Polycomb Group (PcG) proteins are epigenetic repressors essential for control of development and cell differentiation. They form multiple complexes which PRC1 PRC2 evolutionary conserved obligatory repression. The targeting is poorly understood was proposed to be hierarchical involve tri-methylation histone H3 (H3K27me3) and/or monoubiquitylation H2A (H2AK118ub). Here, we present a strict test this hypothesis using the Drosophila model. We discover that neither H3K27me3 nor H2AK118ub...

Chromosomal instability, which involves the deletion and duplication of chromosomes or chromosome parts, is a common feature cancers, deficiency screens are commonly used to detect genes involved in various biological pathways. However, despite their importance, effects deficiencies, duplications, losses on regulation whole large domains largely unknown. Therefore, explore these effects, we examined expression patterns several Drosophila hemizygotes hemizygote using microarrays. The results...

Second generation sequencing has revolutionized genomic studies. However, most genomes contain repeated DNA elements that are longer than the read lengths achievable with typical sequencers, so order of several generated contigs cannot be easily resolved. A new sequencers offering substantially reads is emerging, notably Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) RS II system and MinION system, released in early 2014 by Oxford Nanopore Technologies through an access program. The latter highly advantageous...

Polycomb Group (PcG) proteins are epigenetic repressors that control metazoan development and cell differentiation. In Drosophila, PcG form five distinct complexes targeted to genes by Response Elements (PREs). Of all PhoRC is the only one contains a sequence-specific DNA binding subunit (PHO or PHOL), which led model places at base of recruitment hierarchy. Here we demonstrate in vivo PHO preferred PHOL as associate with PREs subset transcriptionally active promoters. Although promoter...

The increased interest in asexual organisms calls for in-depth studies of complexes that actively give rise to new clones. We present an extensive molecular study the Otiorhynchus scaber (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) weevil system. Three forms have traditionally been recognized: diploid sexuals, triploid, and tetraploid parthenogens. All coexist a small central area, but only polyploid parthenogens colonized marginal areas. Analyzing phylogenetic relationship, based on three partial...

Heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) proteins, recognized readers of the heterochromatin mark methylation histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9me), are important regulators heterochromatin-mediated gene silencing and chromosome structure. In Drosophila melanogaster three methyl transferases (HKMTs) associated with H3K9: Su(var)3-9, Setdb1, G9a. To probe dependence HP1a binding on H3K9me, its these HKMTs, division labor between we have examined correlations H3K9me patterns in wild type null mutants HKMTs. We...

CBP and the related p300 protein are widely used transcriptional co-activators in metazoans that interact with multiple transcription factors. Whether CBP/p300 occupies genome equally all factors or preferentially binds together some is not known. We therefore compared Drosophila melanogaster (nejire) ChIP–seq peaks regions bound by 40 different early embryos, we found high co-occupancy Rel-family Dorsal. Dorsal required for occupancy embryo, but only at where few other present. mutant...

Heterochromatin protein 1a (HP1a) is a chromatin-associated important for the formation and maintenance of heterochromatin. In Drosophila , two histone methyltransferases SETDB1 Su(var)3-9 mediate H3K9 methylation marks that initiates establishment spreading HP1a-enriched chromatin. Although HP1a generally regarded as factor represses gene transcription, several reports have linked binding to active genes, in some cases, it has been shown stimulate transcriptional activity. To clarify...

Two specific chromosome-targeting and gene regulatory systems are present in Drosophila melanogaster. The male X chromosome is targeted by the male-specific lethal complex believed to mediate 2-fold up-regulation of X-linked genes, highly heterochromatic fourth specifically Painting Fourth (POF) protein, which, together with heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1), modulates expression level genes on chromosome. Here we use chromatin immunoprecipitation tiling microarray analysis map POF HP1 S2...

Microorganisms are essential constituents of ecosystems. To improve our understanding how various factors shape microbial diversity and composition in nature it is important to study microorganisms vary space time. Factors shaping communities ground level air have been surveyed a limited number studies, indicating that geographic location, season local climate influence the communities. However, few more than one at high latitude or continuously over year. We airborne two full consecutive...

Painting of fourth (POF) is a chromosome-specific protein in Drosophila and represents the first example an autosome-specific protein. POF binds to chromosome 4 melanogaster , initiating at proximal region, followed by spreading dependent on 4-specific sequences or structures. Chromosome-specific gene regulation known thus far only as mechanism equalize transcriptional activity single male X with that two female chromosomes. In complex including male-specific lethal proteins, “paints”...

Variation in the number of individual chromosomes (chromosomal aneuploidy) or chromosome segments (segmental is associated with developmental abnormalities and reduced fitness all species examined; it leading cause miscarriages mental retardation a hallmark cancer. However, despite their documented importance disease, effects aneuploidies on transcriptome remain largely unknown. We have examined expression seven heterozygous chromosomal deficiencies, both singly pairwise combinations,...

In Drosophila, two chromosome-wide compensatory systems have been characterized: the dosage compensation system that acts on male X chromosome and chromosome-specific regulation of genes located heterochromatic fourth chromosome. Dosage in Drosophila is accomplished by hypertranscription single mediated male-specific lethal (MSL) complex. The mechanism this suggested to involve enhanced transcriptional elongation MSL complex, while painting (POF) protein has remained elusive. Here, we show...

Mutations in human Atrophin1, a transcriptional corepressor, cause dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy, neurodegenerative disease. Drosophila Atrophin (Atro) mutants display many phenotypes, including neurodegeneration, segmentation, patterning and planar polarity defects. Despite Atro’s critical role development disease, relatively little is known about binding partners downstream targets. We present the first genomic analysis of Atro using ChIP-seq against endogenous Atro. identified 1300...

Long non-coding RNAs contribute to dosage compensation in both mammals and Drosophila by inducing changes the chromatin structure of X-chromosome. In melanogaster, roX1 roX2 are long that together with proteins form male-specific lethal (MSL) complex, which coats entire male X-chromosome mediates increasing its transcriptional output. Studies on polytene chromosomes have demonstrated when absent, MSL-complex becomes less abundant is relocated chromocenter 4th chromosome. Here we address role...

Abstract 1 Genetical mtDNA relationships of 41 taxa weevils were examined using cladistics. Ingroup belong to Otiorhynchus scaber and O. nodosus outgroup comparison was made with singularis . All three species are minor forest pests. 2 specimens either diploid sexuals or diploid, triploid tetraploid clones, from two different populations (Slovenia Austria) that evolutionary lineages. clones. Both show geographical parthenogenesis, as do many other species. 3 Mitochondrial data indicate...

CREB-binding protein (CBP, also known as nejire) is a transcriptional co-activator that conserved in metazoans. CBP plays an important role embryonic development and cell differentiation mutations can lead to various diseases humans. In addition, the related p300 have successfully been used predict enhancers both humans flies when they occur with monomethylation of histone H3 on lysine 4 (H3K4me1). Here, we compare chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing data from Drosophila S2 cells...

In organisms where the two sexes have unequal numbers of X-chromosomes, expression X-linked genes needs to be balanced not only between sexes, but also X and autosomes. Drosophila melanogaster, Male-Specific Lethal (MSL) complex is believed produce a 2-fold increase in on male X, thus restoring this balance.Here we show that almost all are effectively compensated. However, many compensated without any significant recruitment MSL-complex. These very weakly, if at all, affected by mutations or...