Precise adjustments of farm management activities, such as irrigation and soil treatment according to site-specific conditions, are crucial. With advances in smart agriculture sensors, it is possible reduce the cost water inputs but still realize optimal yields high-profit returns. However, achieving precise application requirements cannot be efficiently practiced with spatially disjointed information. This study assessed potential using an electromagnetic induction device (EM38-MK) cover...

Accurate estimation of crop water use, which is expressed as evapotranspiration (ET) an important task for effective irrigation and agricultural management. Although direct field measurement actual (ETa) the most reliable method, practical economic limitations often make it difficult to acquire, especially in developing countries. Consequently, (ETc) calculated using reference (ETo) crop-specific coefficients (Kc) support management practices. Several ETo models have been developed address...

Abstract. Accurate estimation of actual evapotranspiration (ETa) at both field and larger spatial scales is crucial for understanding crop water use hydrological interactions particularly in arid regions facing scarcity. In South Africa, ETa data gaps hinder effective agricultural management. Advances geospatial techniques combining Geographical Information Systems (GIS) remote sensing have made it possible to estimate over large areas. However, the reliability this depends on accuracy...

Summary The contributions of different mechanisms aggregate breakdown to splash erosion are still obscure. This study was designed investigate the effects various soil disaggregation on erosion. Loamy clay, clay loam and sandy types were used in this research. Soil stability determined by Le Bissonnais method. Deionized water simulate combined effect slaking mechanical disaggregation, whereas alcohol estimate contribution only. Simulated rain with an intensity 60 mm hour −1 applied at five...

Abstract Aggregate disintegration is a critical process in soil splash erosion. However, the effect of organic carbon (SOC) and its fractions on aggregates still not clear. In this study, five soils with similar clay contents different SOC have been used. The effects slaking mechanical striking erosion were distinguished by using deionized water 95% ethanol as raindrops. simulated rainfall experiments carried out four heights (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 2.0 m). result indicated that aggregate stability...

Abstract Rainfall erosivity represents the primary driver for particle detachment in splash soil erosion. Several raindrop indices have been developed order to quantify potential of rainfall cause Different types simulators used relate characteristics detachment. However, produced by different has characteristics, specifically relationships between intensity and erosivity. For this reason, effect a dripper‐type simulator on erosion ( D s ) investigated. The simulated kinetic energy KE drop...

We evaluated unified algorithms for remote sensing of chlorophyll-a (Chla) and turbidity in eutrophic ultra-turbid waters such as Japan’s Lake Shinji Nakaumi (SJNU) the Vaal Dam Reservoir (VDR) South Africa. To realize this objective, we used 38 reflectance (Rrs), Chla datasets collected these between July 2016 March 2017. As a result, clarified following items. model, obtained strong correlation (R2 = 0.7, RMSE 2 mg m−3) using two-band model (2-BM) three-band (3-BM), with Rrs(687)/Rrs(672)...

Core Ideas Stem water content of trees was successfully monitored using GS3 capacitance sensors. Temperature calibration essential for correct interpretation monitoring data. The clarified use characteristics the in arid environments. Dielectric soil moisture sensors have potential nondestructive and real‐time stem (θ st ) living trees. This study conducted to investigate drylands through θ newly developed (GS3). plants used data collection were Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. (mesquite,...

Abstract The exotic Tamarix species, T . ramosissima and T. chinensis, were introduced into South Africa in the early 1900s reportedly either for ornamental or soil wind erosion control purposes mines. They are, however, currently invading several riparian ecosystems country threatening its biodiversity proper functioning. objective of this study was to assess effects species on physicochemical properties vis-à-vis indigenous at Leeu River Western Cape Province, where they are purvasive....

Advancement in remote sensing platforms, sensors, and technology has significantly improved the assessment of hard-to-access areas, such as mountains. Despite these improvements, Africa lags terms research work published. This is great concern continent needs more to achieve sustainable development. Therefore, this study applied a bibliometric analysis annual production publications on application methods mountainous environments. In total, 3849 original articles between 1973 2021 were used,...

Abstract Soil microtopography is a dynamic soil property which affects most soil‐surface and water interaction processes. The importance of has been recognized for long time, but only limited reports are available in the literature. In this study, potential using consumer‐grade cameras close‐range photogrammetry procedures to quantify at plot‐scale level (≤1 m 2 ) were assessed. Five fabricated gypsum surfaces with different degrees roughness used simulate surface conditions aggregates....

The reason for the severity of soil erosion in Loess Plateau can be attributed to three nonanthropogenic factors: rainfall erosivity, slope gradient, and loess soil. erosivity is controlled by characteristics. Generally, characteristics change drastically space time. has been investigated using modified Fournier index (MFI), annual rainfall, precipitation concentration (PCI). study showed a decrease average MFI 10%. However, difference between 1960s 1990s was found large area Plateau,...

Thousands of tons animal and human wastes are produced every day across the globe.Their continuous use as fertilizers or soil amendments on agricultural lands has raised severe health environmental concerns.Incorporating bio-wastes into is one best management strategies to control run-off nutrients from surface and, in turn, protect freshwater.However, exposing bio-waste sunlight field considered be most cost-effective methods pathogens.Considering differences among different strategies,...

Abstract Rainfall simulators have often been used to mimic natural rainfall for studies of various land-surface and water interaction processes. The characteristics the simulated are main indicators judge performance simulators. aim this study is investigate potential piezoelectric transducers measuring evaluating a dripper-type drop-size distribution (DSD) kinetic energy (KE). directly measured KE was significantly correlated with estimated using empirical rain drop fall velocity...

Abstract Prosopis juliflora is a useful "multi-purpose" tree, but it invades rapidly in arid and semi-arid environments, causing livelihood degradation of local communities. A rain pulse under drought conditions has been reported to be an important factor promote plant invasion. The purpose this research was evaluate the effect on invading process propose feasible plan control expansion species Sudan. First, seed germination examined eight irrigation conditions, corresponding 4–32 mm...

In July 2021, a flooding event, which attracted the attention of whole country and even world, broke out in Henan, resulting dramatic losses across multiple fields (e.g., economic agricultural). The basin at junction Hebi, Xinxiang, Anyang was most affected region, as spread water from Wei river submerged surrounding agricultural land corn-dominated). To comprehensively evaluate impacts, we proposed framework to detect area evaluated degree loss using satellite time series data. First,...