Eastern white pine is a crucial ecological and economic component of forests in the northern USA eastern Canada, now facing an emerging problem needle damage (WPND). It still unclear whether WPND results from one, or combination several fungal pathogens. Therefore, first objective this study was to characterize fungi associated with northeastern United States document being done mature as result repeated defoliation. To date, 22 species fungi, either cultured diseased needles formed fruiting...

The defoliation of the eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) across northeastern United States is an escalating concern threatening ecological health northern forests and economic vitality region's lumber industry. First documented in spring 2010 affecting 24 328 hectares state Maine, needle damage (WPND) has continued to spread now well established all New England states. While causal agents WPND are known, current research lacking both sampling distribution specific environmental factor(s)...

Abstract The genus Claviceps has been known for centuries as an economically important fungal pharmacology and agricultural research. Only recently have researchers begun to unravel the evolutionary history of genus, with origins in South America classification four distinct sections through ecological, morphological, metabolic features (Claviceps sects. Citrinae, Paspalorum, Pusillae, Claviceps). first three are additionally characterized by narrow host range, whereas section is considered...

Pangenome analyses are increasingly being utilized to study the evolution of eukaryotic organisms. While pangenomes can provide insight into polymorphic gene content, inferences about ecological and adaptive potential such organisms also need be accompanied by additional supportive genomic analyses. In this we constructed a pangenome Claviceps purpurea from 24 genomes examined positive selection recombination landscape an economically important fungal organism for pharmacology agricultural...

The disease complex white pine needle damage (WPND), first reported in 2006, has now escalated to an epidemic state across the northeastern United States. Although this is composed of several fungal species, Lecanosticta acicola considered be primary causal agent. Knowledge regarding epidemiology, specific climatic factors that affect spread L. on eastern (Pinus strobus) natural forest settings, and potential risks repeated defoliation may have tree health limited. Therefore, study examined...

Caliciopsis canker is an emerging problem in Pinus growing regions of Eastern North America. The fungal disease caused by pinea associated with overstocked stands and poor sites, but few quantitative data are available. objective this study, therefore, was to assess the extent severity explore environmental variables identify areas at risk damage. During 2014, 58 sites across New England >75% P. strobus basal area public lands were surveyed. Most (72%) had signs or symptoms. successfully...

Four ergot species (Claviceps ripicola, C. quebecensis, perihumidiphila, and occidentalis) were recognized based on analyses of DNA sequences from multiple loci, including two housekeeping genes, RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2), translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1-α), a single-copy alkaloid synthesis gene (easE) encoding chanoclavine I synthase oxidoreductase. Morphological features, production, pathogenicity five common cereal crops each evaluated presented in taxonomic...

Soil and stand density were found to be promising predictive variables associated with damage by the emerging disease of eastern white pine, Caliciopsis canker, in a 2014 survey randomly selected pine (Pinus strobus L.) stands. The objective this study was further investigate relationship between soil stocking forests New England stratifying sampling across soils measuring more systematically. A total 62 stands sampled during 2015–2016. Stands stratified groups several prism plots...

Ergot, fungal genus Claviceps, are worldwide distributed grass pathogens known for their production of toxic ergot alkaloids (EAs) and the great agricultural impact they have on both cereal crop farm animal production. EAs traditionally considered as only factor responsible toxicity. Using broad sampling covering 13 species infecting wild or grasses (including cereals) across Europe, USA, New Zealand, South Africa we showed that content ergochrome pigments were comparable to in sclerotia....

Abstract The ergot diseases of agricultural and nonagricultural grasses are caused by the infection Claviceps spp. (Hypocreales, Ascomycota) on florets, producing dark spur‐like sclerotia spikes that toxic to humans animals, leading detrimental impacts agriculture economy due downgrading cereal grains, import–export barriers, reduced yield, ecological concerns. At least seven phylogenetic lineages (phylogenetic species) were identified within premolecular concept C. purpurea s.l. (sensu...

Ergot fungi (Claviceps spp.) are infamous for producing sclerotia containing a wide spectrum of ergot alkaloids (EA) toxic to humans and animals, making them nefarious villains in the agricultural food industries, but also treasures pharmaceuticals. In addition three classes EAs, several species produce paspaline-derived indole diterpenes (IDT) that cause ataxia staggers livestock. Furthermore, two other types alkaloids, i.e., loline (LOL) peramine (PER), found Epichloë spp., close relatives...

The fungal pathogen Claviceps purpurea can infect numerous grass species including important crops like barley, rye, and wheat, but the ecology of ergot disease is rarely studied in non-crop species. Recent outbreaks barley production systems western U.S. have implicated nearby hosts as reservoirs for inoculum spread C. into crop. We surveyed prevalence infections among native, invasive, weedy near fields San Luis Valley Colorado over three years. found that with a history were surrounded by...

The genus Caliciopsis (Eurotiomycetes, Coryneliales) includes saprobic and plant pathogenic species. canker is caused by pinea Peck, a species first reported in the 19th century North America. In recent years, increasing numbers of outbreaks have been on different Pinus spp. eastern USA. Europe, disease has only occasionally causing cankers, mostly radiata stressed plantations. aim this study was to clarify taxonomy specimens collected from infected Europe America using an integrative...

Abstract The most recent outbreaks of boxwood blight caused by Calonectria pseudonaviculata , in Hyrcanian forests Iran, have sparked the need for research to identify eco‐friendly fungicides management purposes. Our study was conducted test efficacy humic substances against C. under both vitro and vivo conditions. For this purpose, acids (HA) fulvic (FA) extracted from tea waste compost (HAT & FAT), sawdust (HAW FAW) manure (HAM FAM) were tested hyphal growth conidial germination . In...

Diplodia tip blight is the most ubiquitous and abundant disease in Spanish Pinus radiata plantations. The economic losses forest stands can be very severe because of its abundance cones seeds together with low genetic diversity host. resinosa not genetically diverse North America either, shoot a common disease. Disease control may require management designs to adapted for each region. pathogen could an indicator virulence spreading capacity. Our objective was understand spp. plantations...

Bark beetles carry a number of associated organisms that are transferred to the host tree upon attack thought play role in decline. To assess pathogenicity western white pine (WWP; Pinus monticola) fungi carried by mountain beetle (MPB; Dendroctonus ponderosae), and evaluate potential for systemic prophylactic treatments reducing fungal impacts, experiments were conducted with WWP seedlings meet three objectives: 1) two MPB-associated blue-stain fungi; 2) phytotoxicity injection products; 3)...

Abstract Pangenome analyses are increasingly being utilized to study the evolution of eukaryotic organisms, which is often governed by variable gene content. While pangenomes can provide insight into polymorphic content, inferences about ecological and adaptive potential such organisms also need be accompanied additional supportive genomic analyses. In this we constructed a pangenome Claviceps purpurea from 24 genomes examined positive selection recombination landscape an economically...

Abstract The genus Claviceps has been known for centuries as an economically important fungal genera pharmacology and agricultural research. Only recently have researchers begun to unravel the evolutionary history of genus, with origins in South America classification four distinct sections through ecological, morphological, metabolic features ( sects. Citrinae, Paspalorum , Pusillae ). first three are additionally characterized by narrow host range, while sect. is considered evolutionarily...