The serine-threonine kinase, Akt, prevents apoptosis by phosphorylation at serine-473 in several cell systems. After phosphorylation, activated Akt inactivates other apoptogenic factors, such as Bad or caspase-9, thereby inhibiting death. present study examined of and DNA fragmentation after transient focal cerebral ischemia mice subjected to 60 minutes intraluminal blockade the middle artery. Phospho-Akt was analyzed immunohistochemistry Western blot analysis. evaluated terminal...

Mitochondria are known to be involved in the early stage of apoptosis by releasing cytochrome c , caspase-9, and second mitochondria-derived activator caspases (Smac). We have reported that overexpression copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) reduced production ameliorated neuronal injury hippocampal CA1 subregion after global ischemia. However, role oxygen free radicals produced ischemia/reperfusion mitochondrial signaling pathway has not been clarified. Five minutes ischemia was induced...

✓ The authors have developed a method for routine monitoring of disturbances in brain energy metabolism and extracellular levels excitatory amino acids using intracerebral microdialysis 10 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Microdialysis was conducted periods ranging from 6 to 11 days after ictus. Altogether, 16,054 chemical analyses 1647 dialysate samples were performed. Concentrations the energy-related substances lactate, pyruvate, glucose, hypoxanthine measured, lactate/pyruvate...

The hippocampal CA1 neurons are selectively vulnerable to global ischemia, and neuronal death occurs in a delayed manner. threshold of ischemia duration that induces has been studied, but the relationship between glial area not fully studied. We examined neuronal/glial viability morphological changes subregion after different durations ischemia. Global was induced Sprague-Dawley rats by 10, 5, 3 min bilateral common carotid artery occlusion hypotension. At 1-56 days reactions neurons,...

Cerebral gene expressions change in response to traumatic brain injury (TBI), and future trauma treatment may improve with increased knowledge about these regulations. We subjected C57BL/6J mice by controlled cortical impact (CCI). At various time points post-injury, mRNA from neocortex hippocampus was isolated, transcriptional alterations studied using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) array analysis. Spatial distribution of enhanced expression characterized situ...

Intracranial pressure (ICP), cerebral perfusion (CPP), and the reactivity index (PRx) have been shown to correlate with outcome after traumatic brain injury (TBI), but their temporal evolution is less studied. Optimal CPP (CPPopt; i.e., lowest [optimal] PRx value) has proposed as a dynamic, individualized target. Our aim was map course of these parameters relation outcome, in particular extent impact insults based both on fixed thresholds divergence from CPPopt. Data 362 TBI patients...

Abstract Background High intracranial pressure (ICP) and low cerebral perfusion (CPP) may induce secondary brain injury following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). In the current study, we aimed to determine temporal incidence of insults above/below certain ICP/CPP thresholds, role autoregulation in CPP management (PRx CPPopt), relation clinical outcome. Methods this retrospective 242 patients were included with aSAH, who treated neurointensive care unit, Uppsala University...

Recent studies have revealed that activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) may contribute to apoptosis, a cell death process involved in oxidative stress. We examined phosphorylation ERK1/2 and stress after transient focal cerebral ischemia (FCI) using transgenic (Tg) mice overexpress copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1). The were subjected 60 min middle artery (MCA) occlusion by intraluminal suture blockade followed 1, 4, 24 hr reperfusion. Immunohistochemistry Western...

Degradation of membrane phospholipids (PLs) is a well known phenomenon in acute brain injuries and thought to underlie the disturbance vital cellular functions. In present study glycerol, an end product PL degradation, was examined interstitial fluid as marker breakdown following experimental traumatic injury (TBI) using microdialysis. TBI induced artificially ventilated rats weight-drop technique. The trauma caused significant, eight-fold increase dialysate glycerol injured cortex, with...

Defective Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) is responsible for some types of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and ventral horn motor neurons (VMN) have been shown to die through a mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathway after chronic exposure high levels reactive oxygen species (ROS). VMN are also selectively vulnerable mild spinal cord injury (SCI); however, the involvement SOD1, ROS, apoptosis in their death has not clarified. Mild compression SCI was induced SOD1-overexpressing transgenic...

Infiltration of T lymphocytes is a key feature in transplant rejection and several autoimmune disorders, but the role traumatic brain injury (TBI) largely unknown. Here we studied trafficking immune cells after experimental TBI. We found that scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) at endothelial level dramatically reduced infiltration activated lymphocytes. Immune cell was 12 h to 7 days controlled cortical contusion rats by ex vivo propagation (TcR+, CD8+), neutrophils (MPO+),...

Astrocytic glutamate (Glt) uptake keeps brain interstitial Glt levels low. Within the astrocytes is converted to glutamine (Gln), which released and reconverted in neurons. The Glt-Gln cycle energy demanding impaired metabolism has been suggested cause low Gln/Glt ratios. Using microdialysis (MD) measurements from visually noninjured cortex 33 neurointensive care patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage, we have determined how Gln, as a reflection of turnover, relate perturbed metabolism. A...

Abstract Background Diffuse traumatic axonal injury (TAI), a common consequence of brain injury, is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Inflammatory processes may play an important role in the pathophysiology TAI. In central fluid percussion (cFPI) TAI model mice, neuroinflammatory astroglial response behavioral changes are unknown. Methods Twenty cFPI-injured nine sham-injured mice were used, was evaluated by immunohistochemistry at 1, 3 7 days post-injury. The multivariate...

Two randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of decompressive craniectomy (DC) in traumatic brain injury (TBI) have shown poor outcome, but there are considerations how these protocols relate to real practice. The aims this study were evaluate usage and outcome DC thiopental a single centre.

Abstract: Premature craniosynostosis is a rare condition, with wide range of incidence estimations in the literature. The aim this study was to establish current among Swedish population. Since surgical care for these children centralized 2 centers Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Uppsala Hospital, craniofacial hospital registries were examined surgically treated children, all having computed tomography verified diagnosis. Results show an 7.7 cases per 10,000 live births, including...

The primary aim of this study was to determine the combined effect insult intensity and duration intracranial pressure (ICP), cerebral perfusion (CPP), reactivity index (PRx) on outcome measured with Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended (GOS-E) in patients traumatic brain injury (TBI) or aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH).This observational included all TBI aSAH treated neurointensive care unit Uppsala, Sweden, 2008-2018, at least 24 hours ICP monitoring during first 10 days following...

The aim of this study was to investigate if the absolute pressure reactivity index (PRx) value influenced association between cerebral perfusion (CPP) and outcome optimal CPP (CPPopt) curve shape deviation from CPPopt in traumatic brain injury (TBI). We included 383 TBI patients treated at neurointensive care Uppsala 2008 2018 with least 24 h data. To determine influence PRx values on outcome, percentage monitoring time for combinations were correlated (Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale...

Outcome after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is typically assessed using the Glasgow outcome scale extended (GOSE) with levels from 1 (death) to 8 (upper good recovery). prediction has classically been dichotomized into either dead/alive or favorable/unfavorable outcome. Binary models limit possibility of detecting subtle yet significant improvements. We set out explore different machine learning methods purpose mapping their predictions full grade GOSE following TBI. The were up variables:...

OBJECTIVE There is a paucity of studies on the optimal thresholds for neurointensive care (NIC) targets such as intracranial pressure (ICP) and cerebral perfusion (CPP) in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH). also need to clarify role autoregulatory disturbances (pressure reactivity index [PRx]) determine if CPP target (optimal [CPPopt]) superior traditional fixed sICH. In this study, authors aimed explore ICP, PRx, CPP, CPPopt insults sICH patients treated NIC unit. METHODS...

Patient-tailored treatment, also known as precision-medicine, has been emphasized a prioritized area in traumatic brain injury research. In fact, pre-injury patient genetic factors alone account for almost 26% of outcome prediction variance following injury. Among implicated variants single-nucleotide polymorphism apolipoprotein E linked to worse prognosis injury, but the underlying mechanism is still unknown. We hypothesized that genotype would affect levels pathophysiology-driving...

Background: S evere cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) patients often require neurointensive care with multimodal monitoring. However, optimal treatment targets for intracranial pressure (ICP), perfusion (CPP), and autoregulation remain unclear. This study investigated the relationships between ICP, CPP, indices (PRx, CPP [CPPopt]) clinical outcomes in severe CVT. Methods: observational included 15 CVT ICP-monitoring, treated (NIC) unit, Uppsala. The percentage of eligible monitoring time...