Experimental airborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems achieve spatial resolutions of approximately 10 cm, whereas the new spaceborne very high resolution (VHR) SAR sensors onboard TerraSAR-X and COSMO-SkyMed satellites down to 1 m. In VHR data, features from individual urban structures (i.e., buildings) can be identified by their characteristic settings in settlement patterns. this paper, we present a novel concept for height estimation generic man-made single detected data. The...

Search for Unidentified Maritime Objects (SUMO) is an algorithm ship detection in satellite Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images. It has been developed over the course of more than 15 years, using a large amount SAR images from almost all available satellites operating L-, C- and X-band. As validated by benchmark tests, it performs very well on wide range image modes (from Spotlight to ScanSAR) resolutions 1–100 m) types sizes ships, within physical limits imposed radar imaging. This paper...

This paper provides a close investigation into the landscape of both cyber threats and actual incidents in maritime sector, identifying trends challenges as they relate to safe navigation marine shipping. As an important subset that impact many systems, vulnerabilities satellite particular Global Positioning System (GPS), receive special attention. For this article, systematic literature review was conducted, complemented by research analysis specific spoofing event. Analyzing available...

Satellite-based synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is progressively becoming an operational asset for maritime monitoring applications. The services based on this technology rely a level of image quality that, if not entirely fulfilled, may result in compromising the performance and accuracy intended application. Nonetheless, it always clear how to quantitatively measure SAR from delivered products. This paper discusses today's most relevant issues satellite images related It introduces set...

The free, full and open data policy of the EU’s Copernicus programme has vastly increased amount remotely sensed available to both operational research activities. However, this huge calls for new ways accessing processing such “big data”. This paper focuses on use Copernicus’s Sentinel-1 radar satellite maritime surveillance. It presents a study in which ship positions have been automatically extracted from more than 11,500 Sentinel-1A images collected over Mediterranean Sea, compared with...

In this paper three sets of high-resolution, coherent, and polarimetric radar sea clutter data are analyzed compared with models. The nature the allows a thorough analysis power, polarization velocity clutter. It is shown that these quantities, especially velocity, good measures many physical properties ocean surface. Furthermore, it match well Sea found to consist two components, diffuse background, characterized by low values backscattered HH/VV ratio Doppler number spiking events, which...

The analysis of the declining impact piracy on maritime routes and vessel behaviours in Indian Ocean is here performed using Long Range Identification Tracking (LRIT) reports. A 5-year archive position data covering period characterized by highest number attacks subsequent decline provides a unique source for data-driven statistical that highlights changes routing sailing speeds. work, besides demonstrating value LRIT traffic analysis, can be used to ultimately provide quantitative support...

The performances of eight satellite SAR ship detection systems (most them operational) are compared, by running a benchmark test on RADARSAT images various modes. No single system is best under all circumstances

Automatic ship reporting systems (AIS – identification System, LRIT Long Range Identification and Tracking, VMS Vessel Monitoring System) today allow global tracking of ships. One way to display the results is in a map current positions over an area interest, Maritime Situational Picture (MSP). The MSP dynamic must be created by fusing systems' messages, constructing tracks predicting correct for latency especially case AIS received satellite which forms bulk data. This paper discusses...

In this article, a novel technique for fully automatic vessel size estimation using medium-to-high-resolution synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images is presented. Based on mathematical morphology, it aims at better delineating the outline in cluttered SAR image, thereby enabling extraction of its actual dimensions. The has been tested set 127 ships representing range lengths between 24 and 366 m five Sentinel-1 20 multi-look resolution that have good quality ground truth available. It found...

Abstract To complement existing fishery control measures, in particular the Vessel Monitoring System (VMS), a pilot operational system to find fishing vessels satellite images was set up. Radar is mainstay of system, which furthermore includes fully automated image processing and communication protocols with authorities. Different types are used match different fisheries – oceanic, shelf coastal. detection rates were 75–100% depending on type vessel size. Output form an overview positions...

With the recent advent of very high resolution (VHR) spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) sensors such as TerraSAR-X and COSMO-SkyMed, potential to use SAR simulators is increasing. In this letter, we propose a novel imaging simulator that relatively simple implement finds balance between accuracy efficiency. The main goal proposed method obtain precise simulation geometry objects in images rather than detailed radiometric simulation. based on an extended ray-tracing procedure determine...

The growing number of remote sensing systems and ship reporting technologies (e.g. Automatic Identification System, Long Range Tracking, radar tracking, Earth Observation) are generating an overwhelming amount spatio-temporal geographically distributed data related to vessels their movements. Research on reliable mining techniques has proven essential the discovery knowledge from such increasingly available information traffic at sea. Data driven very recently demonstrated its value in...

Ship detectability modelling has been carried out for Sentinel-1, including development of a ship tool that applies to RADARSAT-1, RADARSAT-2, and Envisat ASAR image data. Capabilities limitations the tool's predictions are discussed. Also considered is Sentinel-1's expected capability other maritime applications, iceberg detection, wind retrieval, oil spill sea ice surveillance, wake detection. In general, Interferometric Wide Swath mode with its high spatial resolution 250 km swath will be...

Maritime awareness is a keystone of counter-piracy activities, as they are nowadays unfortunately called for in the Gulf Aden and Western Indian Ocean. There number space-based systems that can be used to obtain knowledge shipping ship traffic patterns beyond coastal range, e.g. Satellite AIS, LRIT satellite SAR. Based on data gathered during trial 2010, this paper analyses capabilities these when fused maritime picture. It concluded all sources contribute picture, but particular AIS update...

Detection of vessels from space-based synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data is an important area research with many applications, including fisheries monitoring, counter-piracy, and maritime border security. The detection on the ocean surface in SAR imagery requires that vessel has sufficiently high cross section (RCS). In general, RCS object a function object's material, size, shape, as well RADAR parameters such center frequency. Even, two objects same size may have different RCSs based...

A system was set up to ingest automatic ship position reports (terrestrial and satellite Automatic Identification System (AIS), Long Range Tracking (LRIT)) fuse these into a Maritime Situational Picture, tracking the ships within an ocean basin-wide area of interest in real time. Trial runs were made over several months, collecting reporting data from number different sources, Gulf Aden Western Indian Ocean. Also radar surveillance carried out order sample presence non-reporting ships. The...

Collecting AIS messages from ships by satellites allows for maritime situational awareness, and a wide range of commercial applications, at global regional scales. This work provides methods indicators evaluation the picture in terms completeness as well update intervals ship tracks. The distribution maximum daily time gap between each gives good understanding freshness picture. is however very skewed, therefore not described mean standard deviation. As single indicator, median value...

The SAR signatures of ships in separate sub-apertures are investigated two RADARSAT images. It is found that most cases there a low correlation between the sub-apertures. Several alternative combinations three sub-apertures, other than usual multi-look average, for their ship detection performance on an image with medium sea state. At least case, none (including cross-coherence) outperforms classical approach. differences polarization channels ENVISAT ASAR AP mode may be partly due to...

In this paper the potential of COSMO-SkyMed is examined for oil spill detection, focusing on Adriatic Sea. The low revisit time and radiometric characteristics point to good suitability instrument operational detection in area. possibility querying Automatic Identification System (AIS) data over area, with almost no coverage gaps, offers a unique aid verification activities eventual identification discharging ship.

This paper presents a framework to identify recurrent targets at sea in Sentinel-1 images making use of the repeat acquisition operations this sensor and time series analysis collected. Recurrent are those that regularly appear same location over different acquisitions. They can broadly be classified real fixed structures (e.g. oil platforms), which likely all images, ambiguities targets, given only for specific observation geometry set parameters. Ambiguities traditionally pose serious...