This paper provides a close investigation into the landscape of both cyber threats and actual incidents in maritime sector, identifying trends challenges as they relate to safe navigation marine shipping. As an important subset that impact many systems, vulnerabilities satellite particular Global Positioning System (GPS), receive special attention. For this article, systematic literature review was conducted, complemented by research analysis specific spoofing event. Analyzing available...

Market concentration can be measured in different ways, i.e. by using indicators. In the broadest use are ratio ( CR ) and Herfindahl-Hirschman Index HHI ). Concentration of market is usually as sum shares four, eight or twelve largest companies an industry. index expressed squared all firms It believed that more precise measure because it takes into account companies. Research on example US economy shows there no difference between index, a specific relationship them. This allows conversion...

This paper takes a close look at the landscape of Automatic Identification System (AIS) as major source information for maritime situational awareness (MSA) and identifies its vulnerabilities challenges safe navigation shipping. As an important subset cyber threats affecting many systems, AIS is subject to problems tampering reliability; indeed, messages received may be inadvertently false, jammed, or intentionally spoofed. A systematic literature review was conducted this article,...

The maritime industry is undergoing a profound transformation with the integration of autonomous technologies, which brings new challenges and opportunities for education training seafarers. This article aims to examine evolving landscape ships its impact on education, focus changing roles responsibilities levels autonomy defined by International Maritime Organization (IMO) provide framework understanding evolution towards fully highlight Using systematic review based preferred reporting...

This study presents an improvement of three phase backward/forward sweep (BFS) power flow calculation algorithm for radial distribution systems. BFS method is iterative that usually used calculations in networks due to its convergence and easy applicability. The commonly based on using breadth-first search creation modified incidence matrix. Such matrix ensures minimum number searching connections between nodes. result much faster without accuracy loss. duration especially important real...

With the increasing complexity of power system structures and penetration renewable energy, driven primarily by need for decarbonization, operation control become challenging. Changes are resulting in an enormous increase complexity, wherein number active points grid is too high to be managed manually provide opportunity application artificial intelligence technology system. For flow control, many studies have focused on using generation redispatching, load shedding, or demand side...

With the increasing integration of new technologies, power system operators are facing operational and planning challenges. Most these changes caused by electronics devices low carbon (LC) units, resulting in more frequent violations limits defined standards, such as unwanted occurrence higher-order harmonics. These aspects indicate that an open source tool, capable analyzing estimating future impacts above-mentioned phenomena would be great benefit. The paper presents development a...

This article takes a close look at the landscape of global navigation satellite system (GNSS) spoofing. It is well known that automated identification (AIS) spoofing can be used for electronic warfare to conceal military activities in sensitive sea areas; however, recent events suggest there similar interest AIS signals commercial purposes. The shipping industry currently experiencing an unprecedented period deceptive practices by tanker operators seeking evade sanctions. Last year’s...

This paper presents a procedure of choosing an appropriate surge protective device for low-voltage systems connected to overhead line. For typical protection application, Electromagnetic Transients Program model is devised. The energy overload calculated following simulation the lightning effect. way, it possible determine required class in question. has been tested on some networks. results these calculations, as well very good service experiences, demonstrate that use Class II devices...

The maneuverability of ships is influenced by several factors, including ship design, size, propulsion system, hull shape, and external conditions such as wind, waves, currents. arrangement the hull, rudder, propeller are decisive for maneuverability. Hydrodynamic forces bank effect squat significantly impact large in narrow channels. With increasing trend building ever-larger ships, demand to evaluate maneuvering performance at design stage has become more critical than ever. Both...

Power transformers and shunt reactors may be subjected to various dielectric stresses such as lightning switching overvoltages. Since the exposure of equipment overvoltages during operation overvoltage amplitudes are usually unknow, an on-line transient recorder is used with ability sample, analyze store transients at transformer terminals in real-time. In this paper, monitoring system presented. Overvoltages measured on outside measurement terminal reactor bushing. Field experience...

Transient overvoltages generated by lightning strikes or switching operations represent a significant risk to bushings and windings of power transformers. They cause stress on the insulation system can, over time, dielectric failure damage Many transformer failures are reported as they not necessarily linked any particular event when occur but may be result prior from transient overvoltage events. Lightning waveforms appearing at terminals in real operating conditions significantly differ...

Recently, the need for improving efficiency of distribution network in terms power losses is being emphasised. A large share total refers to low-voltage networks which are usually unbalanced. For flow analysis, it necessary use three-phase modelling. This study presents modelling elements and their implementation backward/forward sweep (BFS) method. An improvement BFS method developed by using breadth-first search renumbering creation modified incidence matrix. The improved minimises read...

The maneuverability of ships is influenced by several factors, including ship design, size, propulsion system, hull shape, and external conditions such as wind, waves, currents. arrangement the hull, rudder, propeller are decisive for maneuverability. Hydrodynamic forces bank effect squat significantly impact large in narrow channels. With increasing trend building ever-larger ships, demand to evaluate maneuvering performance at design stage has become more critical than ever. Both...

In this paper an ant lion optimizer algorithm is proposed for tuning excitation controls in multi machine power system. Tuning of includes change parameters automatic voltage regulator (AVR) and system stabilizer (PSS). A used as a swarm intelligence optimization method finding best solution small signal stability problems. two area - four model (TAFM) with interconnected transmission lines considered paper. Small disturbances observed include re-closure interconnection line between areas,...

The use of electronic compasses and satellite systems has led to the magnetic compass becoming a secondary means navigation. Yet this navigating is not only obsolete, it necessary backup device: construction simplicity compass, without electrical windings, rotating elements, control units, remains resistant power losses, hardware malfunction, thus reliable under harshest conditions. This durability, however, comes at some cost; influenced by ships’ permanent transient magnetism, cargo gears....

While polluted sediments present a threat to the health of marine ecosystem and indirectly public health, ammunition dump sites being mostly unprotected neglected, serious human security, environmental security could be possible objects misuse. Of special interest are in ports marinas. Those places where any suspicious object needs analyzed for presence explosives CW. After analyzing several hundreds sediment samples collected along Adriatic coast, it has been found that they grouped 7...

In this paper, the integration of a power system simulator and reinforcement learning (RL) tools frameworks is presented. A proposed framework easily applicable can serve as for further developing, training, benchmarking RL algorithms on more complex tasks control. The usage standard enables broad range state-of-the-art to be implemented with high performance, scalability, substantial code reuse. Also, design suitable scaling onto high-performance computing (HPC) clusters which significantly...

International maritime security is of paramount importance to the sector, particularly seafarers. The perception and have evolved are subject ongoing analysis. concept closely linked potential threats that may pose a danger crews, ships, or cargoes they carry. These also change over time. Different types can different implications for security. Currently, greatest world merchant fleet come from pirate attacks, armed robbery, terrorism, military operations in certain regions. vary nature,...