A novel bilayer resist system consisting of a 3 nm thick titanium (Ti) layer on top 65 poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) was developed for mechanical nanolithography with the atomic force microscope. The ultrathin Ti allowed 20 resolution patterning conventional silicon cantilevers, provided proper force-depth calibration performed before lithography. Techniques pattern transfer were applied to fabricate chromium nanostructures and nanowires from patterned Ti/PMMA resist.

In this paper a non-interferometric, non-iterative method for phase retrieval by Green's functions is presented. The theory based on the parabolic wave equation that describes propagation of light in Fresnel approximation homogeneous media. first identity will be used to derive an algorithm considering different boundary conditions. Finally it shown commonly solution transport-of-intensity can obtained as special case more general function formulation derived here.

We present a simple method to determine the refractive indices of transparent specimens. The index an object under investigation is received by evaluating optical path difference introduced object, while taking into account geometric parameters. that corresponds phase distribution obtained noninterferometric, noniterative retrieval based on Green's functions. It will be shown this technique highly accurate and quantitative for determination.

Multifocal intraocular lenses incorporate a variety of design considerations, including dimensioning the base monofocal shape and diffraction grating. While studying three different lens models, we present practical approach for mathematical modelling evaluation these geometries. Contrary to typical measurement methods, non-contact measurements were performed on Alcon SN6AD1, HumanOptics MS 612 DAY AMO ZMA00 using confocal microscope. Subsequent data processing includes centering, tilting...

To increase the operating temperature of a single electron circuit, it is necessary to reduce capacitance tunnel junction. Usually this done by reducing linewidth capacitor forming metal stripes, which are sandwiched with an intermediate insulator. The use alternative materials, however, allows reduction means thicker isolation layers or geometry different from sandwich. new SECO (step edge cut off) method, for fabrication devices will be presented.

A two-layer resist system consisting of 3 nm titanium and 65 polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) has been developed to expand the potential mechanical atomic force microscope nanolithography. Approximately 20 wide structures have grooved in an ultrathin Ti film. The realized patterns were transferred into PMMA bottom layer by reactive ion etching (RIE) process oxygen. Finally, 30 45 deep grooves, arrays holes with a period 55 nm, which are 20–30 diameter depth, fabricated silicon second RIE step...

Metal based single electron transistors are fabricated by the step edge cut off process. Titanium metal lines with a width of 0.1 μm deposited on prepatterned silicon substrates, that serve as dielectric barriers for tunnel junctions. In structures multiple junctions, clear Coulomb blockade and oscillation features can be observed at temperatures up to 77 K.

Coulomb blockade effects are studied in highly doped molecular-beam-epitaxy grown silicon quantum wires. The nanometer structure of the single electron tunneling transistor (SETT) is fabricated by beam lithography (EBL), anisotropic reactive ion etching (RIE) and low temperature oxide deposition. An extended observed even at T =130 K I - V characteristics, while outside region a clear staircase visible. zero-conductivity range significantly affected applied gate voltage. In addition,...

We present a fabrication method for single electron tunneling transistor (SETT) in silicon. The process is based on bonded and etched back silicon insulator material with 40 nm thick highly n-doped Si layer grown by molecular beam epitaxy. nanometer structure of the SETT defined lithography combination two-layer resist system. pattern transferred anisotropic reactive ion etching. devices are passivated low temperature remote plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition high quality...

Purpose: To evaluate the differences between two extended depth-of-focus intraocular lenses, Alcon IQ Vivity and Bausch & Lomb LuxSmart to compare them with a simple monofocal lens, IQ, using simulation-based approach. Methods: A mathematical lens model was created for each type based on measured surface geometry. The then used in raytracer calculate refractive power map of ray propagation image focal zone. Results: simulations confirm enhanced depth focus these lenses. There are apparent...

The application of single-electron devices is restricted to temperatures at which Coulomb blockade occurs. most critical parameter the tunnelling capacitance. Operation liquid helium temperature, for example, requires capacitances order 20 aF. To realize such low capacitances, advanced electron-beam lithography below nm mandatory in fabrication schemes proposed up now. Here we will present a new process that capable as small 1.5 aF with relaxed technological requirements same time. detailed...

We present a fabrication method for single electron transistor in silicon. The process is based on bonded and etched back silicon insulator material with very thin top layer. Tunnel junctions are realized by beam lithography combination two layer resistsystem. pattern transferred anisotropic reactive ion etching the lateral dimensions reduced further thermal oxidation. technology is, apart from e-beam lithography, fully metal–oxide–semiconductor compatible. electrically characterized samples...

In this investigation, a 1.5 W Nd:YAG laser with good beam quality is utilized to characterize the output numerical aperture (NA) of multimode combiners reference input NA. The transmission combiners, being one factors define brightness, also measured when light coupled in 0.15 Hence, commercially available couplers are characterized for first time according brightness conservation and tested up power level more than 580 power.

The transport-of-intensity equation (TIE) describes a deterministic relation between the intensity distribution in different focal planes and corresponding phase distribution. A Green's function solution of TIE is used to retrieve an object considering specific boundary conditions. This leads accurate reconstruction properties objects, e.g. refractive indices thus numerical aperture (NA) optical fibers. required distributions are captured simultaneously by use multi-camera microscope. solved...

Medien und Subjektwerdung hängen heute aufs Engste zusammen. In der soziologischen Analyse von Ronald Hitzler gleicht das Leben in gegenwärtigen visuell geprägten Medienkultur einem ‚elektronischen Panoptikum‘: Viele neuen Kommunikationsformen setzen auf die Bereitschaft freiwilliger öffentlicher Selbstthematisierung spielen zugleich mit dem Wunsch nach Beobachtung des Intimen. Entsprechende prägen verändern heutige Lebensformen nachhaltig. Der Beitrag fragt den Konsequenzen dieser...