Anesthetic manipulations provide much-needed causal evidence for neural correlates of consciousness, but non-specific drug effects complicate their interpretation. Evidence suggests that thalamic deep brain stimulation (DBS) can either increase or decrease depending on the target and parameters. The putative role central lateral thalamus (CL) in consciousness makes it an ideal DBS to manipulate circuit-level mechanisms cortico-striato-thalamic (CST) systems, thereby influencing related...

Abstract The primary motor cortex of mammals has an orderly representation different body parts. Within the each part organization is more complex, with groups neurons representing movements a muscle or group muscles. In rats, uncertainties continue to exist regarding in whisker and neck region. Using intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) we show that evoked region rat are highly sensitive depth anaesthesia. At light anaesthetic depth, readily from large medial cortex. Lateral this small...

Transection of dorsal columns the spinal cord in adult monkeys results large-scale expansion face inputs into deafferented hand region primary somatosensory cortex (area 3b) and ventroposterior nucleus thalamus. Here, we determined whether upstream cortical areas, secondary (S2) parietal ventral (PV) also undergo reorganization after lesions columns. Areas S2, PV, 3b were mapped long-term unilateral at cervical levels macaque monkeys. In areas S2 found neurons responding to touch on regions...

Long-term injuries to the dorsal columns of spinal cord at cervical levels result in large-scale somatotopic reorganization somatosensory areas cortex and ventroposterior nucleus thalamus. As a this reorganization, intact inputs from face expand into deafferented hand representations. Dorsal column also permanent deficits use digits for precision grip loss fractionated movements digits. We determined whether chronic sensory behavioral caused by lesions adult macaque monkeys affect...

Flexible behavior depends on abstract rules to generalize beyond specific instances, and outcome monitoring adjust actions. Cortical circuits are posited read out from high-dimensional representations of task-relevant variables in prefrontal cortex (PFC). We instead hypothesized that converging inputs PFC, directly or via basal ganglia (BG), enable thalamus select rules. measured activity across PFC connected thalamic nuclei monkeys applying Abstract rule information first appeared...

Understanding brain reorganization following long-term spinal cord injuries is important for optimizing recoveries based on residual function as well developing brain-controlled assistive devices. Although it has been shown that the motor cortex undergoes partial within a few weeks after peripheral and injuries, not known if of rats capable large-scale longer recovery periods. Here we determined organization rat (Rattus norvegicus) at 5 or more months chronic lesions cervical levels using...

Functional MRI and electrophysiology studies suggest consciousness depends on large-scale thalamocortical corticocortical interactions. However, it is unclear how neurons in different cortical layers circuits contribute. We simultaneously recorded from central lateral thalamus (CL) across of fronto-parietal cortex awake, sleeping anesthetized macaques. found that deep are most sensitive to changes level, consistent anesthetic agents sleep. Deep layer activity sustained by interactions with...

Learned associations between stimuli allow us to model the world and make predictions, crucial for efficient behavior (e.g., hearing a siren, we expect see an ambulance quickly way). While there are theoretical computational frameworks prediction, circuit receptor-level mechanisms unclear. Using high-density EEG, Bayesian modeling, machine learning, show that inferred "causal" relationships frontal alpha activity account reaction times (a proxy predictions) on trial-by-trial basis in...

Chronic deafferentations in adult mammals result reorganization of the brain. Lesions dorsal columns spinal cord at cervical levels monkeys expansion intact chin inputs into deafferented hand representation area 3b, second somatosensory (S2) and parietal ventral (PV) areas cortex, ventroposterior lateral nucleus (VPL) thalamus, cuneate brainstem. Here, we describe extent nature gracile nuclei macaque with chronic unilateral lesions columns, compare it 3b same monkeys. In both, expand to...

Although the interplay between endogenous opioids and dopamine (DA) in basal ganglia (BG) is known to underlie diverse motor functions, few studies exist on their role modulating speech vocalization. Vocal impairment a common symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD), wherein DA depletion affects striosomes rich μ-opioid receptors (μ-ORs). Symptoms opioid addiction also include deficiencies verbal functions speech. To understand system BG vocalization, we used adult male songbirds high levels...

ABSTRACT Anesthetic manipulations provide much-needed causal evidence for neural correlates of consciousness, but non-specific drug effects complicate their interpretation. Evidence suggests that thalamic deep brain stimulation (DBS) can either increase or decrease depending on the target and parameters. The putative role central lateral thalamus (CL) in consciousness makes it an ideal DBS to manipulate circuit-level mechanisms cortico-striato-thalamic (CST) systems, thereby influencing...

Flexible behavior depends on abstract rules to generalize beyond specific instances, and outcome monitoring adjust actions. Cortical circuits are posited read out from high-dimensional representations of task-relevant variables in prefrontal cortex (PFC). We instead hypothesized that converging inputs PFC, directly or via basal ganglia (BG), enable thalamus select rules. measured activity across PFC connected thalamic nuclei monkeys applying Abstract rule information first appeared...

ABSTRACT Rapid learning of associations between co-occurring stimuli is essential for episodic memory formation. The retrosplenial cortex (RSC) strongly interconnected with the hippocampus, and in rodents, RSC has been shown to support spatial navigation fear conditioning. Although lesion neuroimaging studies humans macaques have further implicated memory, it unclear how representations form evolve RSC. Here we show that memorized contexts primate within minutes. These initial reorganize as...

Abstract Major theories of consciousness disagree on the key neural substrates. In Global Neuronal Workspace Theory and Higher-order Theories, depends frontal cortex, whereas Integrated Information Recurrent Processing highlight posterior contributions. Most omit subcortical influences. To test these theories, we performed simultaneous frontal, parietal, striatal thalamic recordings from awake, sleeping anesthetized macaques, further manipulating with deep-brain stimulation. theoretic...

Abstract Consciousness is the capacity to experience one’s environment and internal states. The minimal mechanisms sufficient produce this experience, neural correlates of consciousness (NCC), are thought involve thalamocortical intracortical interactions, but key operations circuit paths unclear. We simultaneously recorded activity in central thalamus across layers fronto-parietal cortex awake, sleeping anesthetized macaques. Spiking was selectively reduced deep cortical during...

Learned associations between stimuli allow us to model the world and make predictions, crucial for efficient behavior; e.g., hearing a siren, we expect see an ambulance quickly way. While theoretical computational frameworks prediction exist, circuit receptor-level mechanisms are unclear. Using high-density EEG Bayesian modeling, show that trial history frontal alpha activity account reaction times (a proxy predictions) on trial-by-trial basis in audio-visual task. Low-dose ketamine, NMDA...