Agouti-related protein (AGRP) is a recently described homolog of the skin agouti protein. AGRP transcribed primarily in adrenal and hypothalamus high affinity antagonist neural melanocortin-3 melanocortin-4 receptors. The perikarya expressing messenger RNA are found arcuate nucleus rat rhesus monkey. Using polyclonal antibody against pharmacologically active domain (amino acids 83–132), we have also characterized distribution AGRP-immunoreactive neurons both species. major fiber tracts...

ABSTRACT Excitation of neurons in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), especially those residing dorsomedial part nucleus (VMHdm), evokes sympathetic nervous system (SNS) outflow, modulating a number physiological functions including feeding and blood glucose homeostasis. However, anatomical basis VMH‐mediated SNS activation has thus far proved elusive. To understand how VMH exercise output describe an link between these SNS, we identified downstream neural targets VMHdm by injecting...

Abstract During lactation, the levels of neuropeptide Y (NPY), which plays an important role in mediating food intake, are significantly elevated a number hypothalamic areas, including arcuate nucleus (ARH). To identify additional systems that might be increase intake and alterations energy homeostasis during present studies examined expression agouti-related protein (AGRP), recently described homologue skin agouti protein. AGRP is found hypothalamus has been suggested to play regulation...

Urocortin 3 (Ucn 3), a member of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family peptides, is strongly expressed in mammalian pancreatic β cells and has been shown to stimulate insulin secretion. Here we report investigation hypothesis that endogenous Ucn regulates secretion, particularly presence nutrient excess. Secretion 3-like immunoreactivity from cultured was stimulated by high glucose secretagogs such as GLP-1; furthermore, 5 mRNA levels vivo were increased during positive energy...

Urocortin (Ucn) III, or stresscopin, is a high affinity ligand for the type 2 corticotropin-releasing factor (CRFR2) receptor recently identified in rodents and human. Ucn III was initially as neuropeptide expressed discrete areas brain. In present study, we demonstrate that pancreatic beta-cells mouse beta-cell line, MIN6. secretion from cells measured using highly specific RIA, found potassium, forskolin, glucose can stimulate these cells. vivo studies showed rats receiving an iv injection...

Elevated neuropeptide Y (NPY) levels in the hypothalamus have been reported during lactation rat. The increase NPY neuronal activity may be important modulating a number of changes hypothalamic function that are associated with lactation. aims present study were to determine 1) if neurons can activated by suckling stimulus; and 2) time course activation response stimulus. In first experiment, lactating rats deprived their 8-pup litters on day 9 post partum for 48 h. On 11, animals divided...

Brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) based on electroencephalogram (EEG) signals have recently gained significant attention. EEGNet is a lightweight convolutional neural network designed for EEG-based BCIs. Previous processors are implemented with high-precision fixed-point numbers, resulting in high power consumption and resource utilization. To address these drawbacks, this paper proposes low-precision (LPEEGNet) processor data-driven processing flow to achieve power-efficient real-time EEG...

Urocortin 3 (Ucn 3) is a corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-related peptide with high affinity for the type 2 CRF receptor (CRFR2). Central administration of Ucn stimulates hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, suppresses feeding, and elevates blood glucose levels, suggesting that activation brain CRFR2 promotes stress-like responses. Several CRFR2-expressing areas, including ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) posterior amygdala (PA), may be potential sites mediating effects 3. In present...

In several hyperphagic models, including lactation, in which hypothalamic melanocortin signaling is reduced, a novel expression of NPY mRNA the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) has been observed, suggesting that and induced DMH may constitute unique neurocircuitry mediating energy balance. Using lactating rats as model, present study first showed abundant α-MSH agouti-related protein fibers are close apposition to NPY-positive cells. However, no MC4R (a receptor) double-labeled neurons were...

The vital role of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) peptide family in brain coordinating response to stress has been extensively documented. effects CRF are mediated by two G-protein-coupled receptors, type 1 and 2 receptors (CRF(1) CRF(2)). While functional CRF(1) hormonal behavioral adaptation is well-known, physiological significance CRF(2) remains be fully appreciated. Accumulating evidence indicated that its selective ligands including urocortin 3 (Ucn 3) important molecular...

Ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus (VMH) plays a critical role in regulating feeding and energy metabolism. The expresses high levels the type 2 corticotropin-releasing factor receptor (CRFR2) receives prominent innervation nerve fibers containing Urocortin 3 (Ucn 3), an endogenous ligand receptor. In present study, we showed that mice deficient Ucn had elevated basal increased nocturnal food intake after overnight fasting compared with wild-type (WT) littermates. null also lower...

Urocortin 3 (Ucn 3) is a corticotrophin-releasing factor related neuropeptide highly expressed in the brain. Ucn nerve fibers heavily innervate hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus (VMH), and injection into VMH suppresses feeding. Currently, origin of afferent input unknown. In present study, anatomical tracing shows that major to resides anterior parvicellular part paraventricular hypothalamus (PVHap) adjacent posterior bed stria terminalis (pBNST). also receives moderate from medial amygdala....

The Human Visual System (HVS), with its intricate sophistication, is capable of achieving ultra-compact information compression for visual signals. This remarkable ability coupled high generalization capability and energy efficiency. By contrast, the state-of-the-art Versatile Video Coding (VVC) standard achieves a ratio around 1,000 times raw data. notable disparity motivates research community to draw inspiration effectively handle immense volume data in green way. Therefore, this paper...