Warning systems play a crucial role in the takeover of conditional automated driving. However, widely used single-stage warning had inevitable and critical issues situation awareness (SA), driving stress, performance. As such, two-stage might be an optimal solution to alleviate these problems. On this basis, study investigated effect types (single-stage vs systems) non-driving related tasks (NDRTs) (playing Tetris game monitoring on takeover. A total 32 participants were recruited join our...

According to the assembly task model proposed by Stork and Schubö (2010), is divided into commissioning joining subtasks. Each subtask includes two sequential stages, namely, perception response selection, action. This division enables a convenient discussion of influences Augmented reality (AR) assistance on operators during different stages an task. Research results can provide basis for further analysis influence mechanism AR study composed three experiments. Experiment 1 explores...

Conditional automated driving [level 3, Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE)] requires drivers to take over the vehicle when an system’s failure occurs or is about leave its operational design domain. Two-stage warning systems, which warn in two steps, can be a promising method guide preparing for takeover. However, proper time intervals two-stage systems that allow with different personalities prepare takeover remain unclear. This study explored optimal insights into drivers’ neuroticism...

Objective In conditional automated driving (SAE Level 3), drivers are required to take over their vehicles when the systems fail. Non-driving related tasks (NDRTs) can positively or negatively affect takeover safety, but underlying reasons for this inconsistency remain unclear. This study aims investigate how various workload levels generated by NDRTs may influence performance of and lead time they require.Method Fifty were randomly distributed into five groups, which corresponded (1-4...

The vibrotactile modality has great potential for presenting takeover requests (TORs) to get distracted drivers back into the control loop. However, few studies investigate effectiveness of directional TORs. Whether TORs should be directed toward direction hazard (stimulus-response incompatibility) or avoidance action compatibility) remains inconclusive. present study explored impact (toward-hazard, toward-action, and non-directional) on performance. influences lead time (3 s, 4 6 8 s)...

This study aims to investigate the usability of a head-up display (HUD) in presenting warning messages during driving and create new effective vehicle early system for drivers. Two experiments were conducted. In Experiment 1, 36 drivers randomly assigned group using HUD control group. The simulated performance two groups was compared determine if graphic facilitates safety. Results revealed that HUD-using demonstrated better than terms collision, mean deceleration, accelerator release...

Design is an iterative process that aims at problem-solving. While the importance of mental iteration has been identified, there are little research on how to improve in design process. In this paper, we propose a method augment by AI. An experiment was conducted study effect AI iteration. The results indicate could designers' performance fluency and stylization.

With the development of cutting-edge technology in area driving performance, driver warning systems based on head up displays (HUD) are considered to have potential improve safety future. The location HUD graphics is a vital component ensure that drivers obtain information first time and avoid cognitive tunneling when coming across hazards; however, few studies critically examined this. present study investigated advantages presenting comparison with traditional down display (HDD) vehicles,...

AbstractThis study investigates a new form of inspirational stimuli deployed in virtual reality (VR) and utilizes them conceptual design. Compared with prior research that directly embedded 2D materials an immersive VR space (immersive 2D), we built completely stereoscopic therein 3D) allowed designers to generate schemes could interact the content 3D. The impact expanding dimensionality was uncovered through comparative experiment focusing on three aspects: semantic perception, design...

Egocentric distance perception refers to the of from a target perceiver, which is an important component visual space perception. It activities in virtual environments and influenced by several factors, such as action capacities cues. However, few studies have investigated aspects. Hence, Experiments 1 2 effect using experience cues, respectively, arms on egocentric near far spaces at equal, prolonged, shortened lengths arm. Results revealed that cues arm had significant when length was...

In this paper, we investigate the impact of music exposure on novice designers' creativity performance. We found that compared to without-music, fast-tempo significantly improved their ideas' fluency and flexibility. These results indicate can enhance performance design tasks. As a low-cost convenient way promoting creative thinking, could use in education training.

Effective communication between automated vehicles and human drivers in manual driving is of great importance for traffic safety during the transition phase vehicles. Gestures, which were widely used road users' communication, promising conveying intentions naturally intuitively without extra learning costs. However, effect gestures vehicles' on understanding remains unknown. This study proposed idea adopting mechanical arms to produce gestures. An experiment based video recordings was...

Head-up display (HUD) warnings are gaining increasing attention with the growing importance of advanced warning systems in vehicles for improving driving safety. However, effectiveness HUD is still controversial considering various performance indexes, modalities, and scenarios used previous studies. This study conducts meta-analyses relevant literature to examine whether (both unimodal multimodal HUD) have advantages compared other (head-down warnings, auditory tactile without driver...

Tragus expansion angle (TEA) is an angular variable that quantifies the degree of outward tragus cartilage induced by in-ear wearables worn in human ear. However, TEA cannot be measured directly, and mechanism explains how variations affect users’ comfort experience not well understood. The purpose this study was to establish a quantitative relationship between experience. on 400 healthy participants normalized using measuring device (ATMC prototype) Expansion Index (TEI). Our results show...

This research explored the effect of virtual arm length on egocentric distance perception. Experiment 1 extended arms perception; 2 shortening The results showed that:1) Extending arm, within range perception is significantly reduced. Shortening becomes larger. 2) Whether or shortened, there no estimation outside arm.

Road rage has a series of adverse effects on driving safety, and many accidents caused by road occur in China. Thus, understanding the pattern great significance to safety. In present study, 33 video news was evaluated subjectively severity environmental variables, gender drivers dimension inducing events were coded according video. The results revealed that more serious when number lanes lower, vehicle offensive non-motorized vehicles. There cars fewer non-motor vehicles during daytime...