Forewords by Tom Albanese and Stephanie Meeks * Part I: Overview Introduction History Theory: The Origin Evolution of Conservation Banking Advantages Opportunities Pitfalls Challenges II: Establishing A Bank Ecological Considerations Legal Regulatory Business Financial III: State the Art Fish Getting Two for One: in Credit Stacking Marine Leap: Brave New World IV: Going Global Biodiversity Offsets Australia s Credits V: Conclusion Future Offset Index

The halteres of dipteran insects are essential sensory organs for flight control. They believed to detect Coriolis and other inertial forces associated with body rotation during flight. Flies use this information rapid We show that the primary afferent neurons haltere's mechanoreceptors respond selectively high temporal precision multiple stimulus features. Although we able identify many features contributing response using principal component analysis, predictive models only two features,...

ABSTRACT Humans have been trying to understand animal behavior at least since recorded history. Recent rapid development of new technologies has allowed us make significant progress in understanding the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying behavior, a key goal neuroethology. However, there is tradeoff when studying its biological mechanisms: common protocols laboratory are designed be replicable controlled, but they often fail encompass variability breadth natural behavior. This...

Summary Visual identification of small moving targets is a challenge for all animals. Their own motion generates displacement the visual surroundings, inducing wide-field optic flow across retina. Wide-field used to sense perturbations in flight course. Both ego-motion and corrective optomotor responses confound any attempt track salient target independently from surroundings. What are strategies that flying animals use discriminate small-field figure superimposed background motion? We...

The halteres of flies are mechanosensory organs that provide information about body rotations during flight. We measured haltere movements in a range fly taxa free walking and tethered find diversity wing–haltere phase relationships flight, with higher variability more ancient families less derived families. Diverse were observed correlated phylogeny. predicted removal might decrease behavioural performance those move them evidence this is the case. Our comparative approach reveals...

The halteres of dipteran insects (true flies) are essential mechanosensory organs for flight. These modified hindwings with several arrays sensory cells at their base, and they one the characteristic features flies. Mechanosensory information from is sent low latency to wing-steering head movement motoneurons, allowing direct control body position gaze. Analyses structure dynamics indicate that experience very small aerodynamic forces but significant inertial forces, including Coriolis...

Summary The behavioral algorithms and neural subsystems for visual figure-ground discrimination are not sufficiently described in any model system. fly system shares structural functional similarity with that of vertebrates, like flies robustly track figures the face ground motion. This computation is crucial animals pursue salient objects under high performance requirements imposed by flight behavior. Flies smoothly small use wide-field optic flow to maintain flight-stabilizing optomotor...

During locomotion, animals rely on multiple sensory modalities to maintain stability. External cues may guide behaviour, but they must be interpreted in the context of animal's own body movements. Mechanosensory that can resolve dynamic internal and environmental conditions, like those from vertebrate vestibular systems or other proprioceptors, are essential for guided movement. How do afferent proprioceptor neurons transform movement into a neural code? In flies, modified hindwings known as...

In flies, mechanosensory information from modified hindwings known as halteres is combined with visual for wing-steering behavior. Haltere input necessary free flight, making it difficult to study the effects of haltere ablation under natural flight conditions. We thus used tethered flies examine relationship between and system using wide-field motion or moving figures stimuli. was altered by surgically decreasing its mass, removing entirely. removal does not affect flies’ ability flap steer...

The reduced hindwings of flies, known as halteres, are specialized mechanosensory organs that detect body rotations during flight. Primary afferents the haltere encode its oscillation frequency linearly over a wide bandwidth and with precise phase-dependent spiking. However, it is not currently whether information from primary afferent neurons sent to higher brain centers where sensory about position could be used in decision making, or spike timing useful beyond peripheral circuits drive...

Abstract : The stability of 4 types 2-dimensional free-surface flows an ideal fluid was investigated when subjected to small perturbations. perturbations a hollow vortex flow bounded by cylindrical walls were neutrally stable; the propagation these is compared gravity waves in H2O. impinging jet on plate finite width also stable configuration. A series orifice had with exception isolated unstable perturbation through Borda mouthpiece. existence indicated case equal and opposite jets. basic...

The halteres of flies are mechanosensory organs that serve a crucial role in the control agile flight, providing sensory input for rapid course corrections to perturbations. Derived from hind wings, actively flapped and thus subject variety inertial forces as fly undergoes complex flight trajectories. Previous analyses modelled them point mass, showing Coriolis lead subtle deflections orthogonal plane flapping. By design, these models could not consider effects force gradients associated...

In the true flies (Diptera), hind wings have evolved into specialized mechanosensory organs known as halteres, which are sensitive to gyroscopic and other inertial forces. Together with fly's visual system, halteres direct head wing movements through a suite of equilibrium reflexes that crucial ability maintain stable flight. As in animals (including humans), this presents challenges nervous system driven by sensory must be integrated those order control an overlapping pool motor outputs...

Animals typically combine inertial and visual information to stabilize their gaze against confounding self-generated motion, maintain a level when the body is perturbed by external forces. In vertebrates, an inner ear vestibular system provides about rotations accelerations, but stabilization less understood in insects, which lack organ. flies, halteres, reduced hindwings imbued with hundreds of mechanosensory cells, sense forces provide input neck motoneurons that control gaze. These also...

Halteres are multifunctional mechanosensory organs unique to the true flies (Diptera). A set of reduced hindwings, halteres beat at same frequency as lift-generating forewings and sense inertial forces via campaniform sensilla. Though haltere ablation makes stable flight impossible, specific role wing-synchronous input has not been established. Using small iron filings attached tethered an alternating electromagnetic field, we experimentally decoupled wings flying Drosophila observed...

Animals detect the force of gravity with multiple sensory organs, from subcutaneous receptors at body joints to specialized sensors like vertebrate inner ear. The halteres flies, mechanoreceptive organs derived hindwings, are known rotations during flight, and some groups flies also oscillate their while walking. dynamics such that they could act as detectors for standing on substrates, but utility non-flight behaviors is not known. We observed intact haltere-ablated walking perturbations in...