According to the perspective developed in this article, widely shared, hegemonic cultural beliefs about gender and their impact what authors call “social relational” contexts are among core components that maintain change system. When is salient these ubiquitous contexts, function as part of rules game, biasing behaviors, performances, evaluations otherwise similar men women systematic ways specify. While may be small any one instance, consequences cumulate over individuals’ lives result...

More than a trait of individuals, gender is an institutionalized system social practices. The deeply entwined with hierarchy and leadership because stereotypes contain status beliefs that associate greater worthiness competence men women. This review uses expectation states theory to describe how create network constraining expectations interpersonal reactions major cause the “glass ceiling.” In mixed‐sex or gender‐relevant contexts, shape men's women's assertiveness, attention evaluation...

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1. The puzzle of persistence 2. A primary frame for organizing social relations 3. : Cultural beliefs and the gendering 4. Gendering at work 5. Gender home 6. inequality 7. Implications change REFERENCES INDEX

How can we explain the persistence of gender hierarchy over transformations in its socioeconomic base? Part answer lies mediation inequality by taken-for-granted interactional processes that rewrite into new institutional arrangements. The problems interacting cause actors to automatically sex-categorize others and, thus, cue stereotypes have various effects on outcomes, usually modifying performance other, more salient identities. Because changes status dimension lag behind resource...

To gain an in-depth understanding of legitimacy as a general social process, we review contemporary approaches to within two areas sociology: psychology and organizations. A comparison these distinct allows us explain the both in implicit explicit ways at different levels analysis, through which object is construed legitimate. This also suggests four stages process by new objects, individual (worthy/unworthy individuals) collective (organizational forms), legitimation: innovation, local...

To understand the mechanisms behind social inequality, this address argues that we need to more thoroughly incorporate effects of status—inequality based on differences in esteem and respect—alongside those resources power. As a micro motive for behavior, status is as significant money At macro level, stabilizes resource power inequality by transforming it into cultural beliefs about group regarding who “better” (esteemed competent). But which groups are constitute independent dimensions...

▪ Abstract The gender system includes processes that both define males and females as different in socially significant ways justify inequality on the basis of difference. Gender is from other forms social men women interact extensively within families households role relations. This high rate contact between raises important questions about how interaction creates experiences confirm, or potentially could undermine, beliefs difference underlie system. Any theory must accommodate three basic...

In this article, I argue that gender is a primary cultural frame for coordinating behavior and organizing social relations. describe the implications understanding how shapes organizational structures. By my analysis, typically acts as background identity biases, in gendered directions, performance of behaviors undertaken name roles identities. develop an account effects on vary by context different institutional structures set but can also infuse meanings into practices. Next, apply to two...

This article describes micro-macro processes through which simple structural conditions cause a nominal characteristic such as gender or race to acquire independent status value. These are sufficient but not necessary and may be involved in the actual historical origin of given characteristic's The argument assumes that becomes correlated with difference exchangeable resources. Blau's (1977) theory specifies effects distribution resources on likely characteristics interactants encounters....

This paper proposes an expectation states theory of the legitimation power and prestige orders in task groups. Valued status positions are a reward for those whose distribution members develop expectations. The more differentiated these expectations, likely that order will be treated as legitimate. Applying our formulation to various types group structures we derive set theoretical assertions relate initial composition likelihood its becomes legitimatized. These predict, among other things,...

We present evidence that many of the disadvantaging effects motherhood has on women's workplace outcomes derive from devalued social status attached to task being a primary caregiver. Using expectation states theory, we argue when becomes salient descriptor worker it, like other distinctions including gender, downwardly biases evaluations worker's job competence and suitability for positions authority. predict evoked by role will be more strongly discriminatory than those produced gender...

This paper presents evidence that members' perceived motivation towards the group is an important determinant of influence and status they attain in task-oriented groups. Following Meeker Weitzel-ONeill (1977) Ridgeway (1978), it was suggested people who enter a with low external characteristics (e.g., women mixed sex groups, blacks interracial groups) can use communication group-oriented combination reasonably competent task contributions to overcome fundamental inequality (interaction...

We develop a new status construction theory argument that apparently valid social realities in which salient difference is consistently linked to signs of and competence induce participants form beliefs. Supporting this validity account, an experiment showed when influence hierarchy developed between categorically different actors appeared be consensually accepted the situation therefore valid, formed strongly differentiated beliefs about categorical distinction. Yet slight challenges these...

Building on the work of Cecilia L. Ridgeway and J. Berger, authors construct a set assumptions that describe how legitimation delegitimation informal power prestige orders can be created in task oriented situations. Their conception is multilevel one. Cultural beliefs begin process by shaping likelihood one actor treats another with honorific deference. But to result legitimacy, this must carried through contingent reactions others who provide consensual validation. In way, actors...

Status construction theory argues that interaction between people with unequal structural advantages is crucial in the development and spread of status value beliefs about people's distinguishing attributes. A central claim goal-oriented encounters those who differ material resources as well an easily observed nominal attribute create which favor richer actors' category. The authors conduct experimental test using dyadic, same-sex participants pay level a mere difference attribute; supported...

In this article, two experiments support status construction theory's claim that interaction spreads beliefs through behavior, creating a diffusion process makes widely shared possible. The first demonstrates people who hold belief can "teach" it by treating the other in accord with belief. second shows third‐party participants witness such behavioral treatments also acquire experiment verifies general mechanism which creates beliefs: nominally different developed about difference from...

As the author did when discussing men's and women's tendencies to adopt different conversational styles in You Just Don't Understand, Tannen is careful this book emphasize that not all men follow typically masculine patterns of conversation, women feminine patterns. Based on research interviews, written with humour, aims encourage both learn from conversation at work, show people how interpret signals thereby open up new opportunities for postive exchange development.

Linking nonverbal behavior to influence in task groups has been interpreted as evidence that behavioral dominance is the basis of status. Challenging this interpretation, paper proposes both power processes underlie status formation and structural implications hierarchies indicate expectations about performance will be usual groups. Furthermore, while some communicates dominance, it not linked influence. Influence results from cues affect an actor. An experiment tested hypothesis by...

This paper analyzes the way task proceedings engender emotional reactions, conditions under which these are expressed in positive and negative socioemotional behavior, their effect on status hierarchy informal groups. In links developments sociology of emotions to theories provides a theoretical explanation predominance over behavior The analysis indicates that herarchy asymmetrically limits expression behaviors arising from disagreements but does not constrain expressions agreements....

Recent findings relating nonverbal cues to face-to-face status have not been placed within a general theoretical account so that they can be understood in relation other factors the process. To address this problem, we organized recent results into two empirical generalizations about and task offered an initial proposition for them terms of expectation states theory. In experimental test cue level one actor another is direct function person's advantage relative other's, found subjects'...