An isovist, or viewshed, is the area in a spatial environment directly visible from location within space. Here we show how set of isovists can be used to generate graph mutual visibility between locations. We demonstrate that this also constructed without reference and are fact invoking more general concept graph. Using graph, extend both isovist current graph-based analyses architectural space form new methodology for investigation configurational relationships. The measurement local...

The measurement of residential segregation patterns and trends has been limited by a reliance on measures that do not appropriately take into account the spatial patterning population distributions. In this paper we define general approach to measuring among multiple groups. This allows researchers specify any theoretically based definition proximity desired in computing measures. Based approach, develop exposure/isolation index ( ), set multigroup evenness/clustering indices: information...

In recent years, much has been written on ‘big data’ in both the popular and academic press. After hubristic declaration of ‘end theory’ more nuanced arguments have emerged, suggesting that increasingly pervasive data collection quantification may significant implications for social sciences, even if social, scientific, political, economic agendas behind big are less new than they often portrayed. Compared to boosterish tone its press, critiques relatively muted, focusing continued...

The census tract-based residential segregation literature rests on problematic assumptions about geographic scale and proximity. We pursue a new tract-free approach that combines explicitly spatial concepts methods to examine racial across egocentric local environments of varying size. Using 2000 data for the 100 largest U.S. metropolitan areas, we compute spatially modified version information theory index H describe patterns black-white, Hispanic-white, Asian-white, multi-group at...

Abstract The application of existing desktop geographical information systems (GIS) to the assessment accessibility by public transport has been investigated. Two approaches measurement aggregate measures and space-time geography framework are described. It is suggested that isochrones (lines equal travel time) a natural way combine these in GIS setting. A developed which can automatically generate for transport. successfully copes with complexity large city (Glasgow), comprising bus, rail,...

<h3>OBJECTIVES</h3> To report on a 10 year follow up of patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease, particularly respect to mortality and the effect early treatment bromocriptine. <h3>METHODS</h3> The are from 149 new recruited for double blind, randomised study low dose levodopa-carbidopa versus Patients were examined neurologically at least yearly. Neuropsychological examinations performed 0, 3, 5, years. Mortality cause death in these compared Australian population using standardised...

Complexity science has attracted considerable attention in a number of disciplines. However, this perspective on scientific understanding remains ill defined. In paper, ideas and approaches from complexity are reviewed. It appears that fundamentally is driven by ontological decisions the part investigator. This result epistemological approach fundamental to as it currently studied, which based construction computer simulation models reality. methodology requires researchers decide what...

Abstract Critical evaluation of the adequacy ecological models is urgently needed to enhance their utility in developing theory and enabling environmental managers policymakers make informed decisions. Poorly supported management can have detrimental, costly or irreversible impacts on environment society. Here, we examine common issues modelling suggest criteria for improving frameworks. An appropriate level process description crucial constructing best possible model, given available data...

Personal naming practices exist in all human groups and are far from random. Rather, they continue to reflect social norms ethno-cultural customs that have developed over generations. As a consequence, contemporary name frequency distributions retain distinct geographic, patterning can be exploited understand population structure biology, public health science. Previous attempts detect delineate such large populations entailed extensive empirical analysis of conventions different parts the...

In this short communication, we examine how agent-based modeling has become common in land change science and is increasingly used to develop case studies for particular times places. There a danger that the research community missing prime opportunity learn broader lessons from use of (ABM), or at very least not sharing these more widely. How do find an appropriate balance between empirically rich, realistic models simpler theoretically grounded models? What are effective approaches model...

Agent-based models (ABMs) are an increasingly popular tool in the social sciences. This trend seems likely to continue, so that they will become widely used geography and urban regional planning. We present overview of examples these life sciences, economics, planning, sociology, archaeology. conclude ABMs strongly tend towards individualist view world. point is reinforced by closer consideration particular examples. discussion pays attention inadequacy model society with reference debates...

Pedestrian movement models have been developed since the 1970s. A review of literature shows that such to explain and predict macro, meso, micro patterns. However, recent developments in modelling techniques, especially advances agent-based simulation, open up possibility developing integrative complex which use existing as ‘building blocks’. In this paper we describe integrative, modular approach simulating pedestrian behaviour. The STREETS model, by using Swarm GIS, is an model focuses on...

Researchers across disciplines apply complexity theory to issues ranging from economic development earthquake prediction. The breadth of applications speaks the promise theory, but there remain a number challenges be met, particularly those related its ontological and epistemological dimensions. We identify key by asking three questions. Does operate at too general level enhance understanding? What are implications complexity? in modeling In answering these questions, we argue that, although...

Quantitative indices of residential segregation have been with us for half a century, but suffer significant limitations. While useful comparison among regions, summary fail to reveal spatial aspects segregation. Such measures generally consider only the population mix within zones, not between them. Zone boundaries are treated as impenetrable barriers interaction subgroups, so that measurement is constrained by zoning system, which bears no necessary relation subgroups. A approach less...

Summary Neutral landscape models ( NLM s) are widely used to model ecological patterns and processes across landscapes. However, the ability generate NLMs is often made available through standalone bespoke software packages that have platform limitations. We developed a python package brings together some of more popular algorithms using general numerical framework. The resulting py package: (i) allows for creation directly within modelling workflow or by other capable executing script, (ii)...

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