Virus particles are captured and transported using kinesin-driven, antibody-functionalized microtubules. The functionalization was achieved through covalent crosslinking, which consequently enhanced the microtubule stability. capture transport of virus subsequently demonstrated in gliding motility assays antibody-coated microtubules functioned as elements, microspheres served fluorescent reporters (see Figure). Supporting information for this article is available on WWW under...

Mast cells (MCs) produce soluble mediators such as histamine and prostaglandins that are known to influence dendritic cell (DC) function by stimulating maturation antigen processing. Whether direct cell–cell interactions important in modulating MC/DC is unclear. In this paper, we show contact between MCs DCs occurs plays an role the immune response. Activation of through FcεRI cross-linking triggers formation stable with immature reminiscent immunological synapse. Direct cellular...

For decades, bacteriophage purification has followed structured protocols focused on generating high concentrations of phage in manageable volumes. As research moves toward understanding complex populations, needs have shifted to maximize the amount while maintaining diversity and activity. The effects standard procedures such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation cesium chloride (CsCl) density gradients both activity a population are not known. We examined PEG CsCl number known (M13,...

REVIEW article Front. Immunol., 15 March 2012Sec. Inflammation Volume 3 - 2012 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2012.00046

Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an effective tool for treating Clostridium difficile infection in the setting of dysbiosis intestinal microbiome. FMT other forms human disorders linked to have been less effective. The fecal contains a high density virus-like particles (VLP), up 90% which are bacteriophages, thought role regulating gut bacterial populations. We hypothesized that phage-containing VLP fraction may reduce dysbiotic small overgrowth (SIBO). In experiment using...

Abstract Background The Salmonella PreA/PreB two-component system (TCS) is an ortholog of the QseBC TCS Escherichia coli . In both and E. , this has been shown to affect motility virulence in response quorum-sensing hormonal signals, transcription enterica serovar Typhimurium ( S Typhimurium) pmrAB operon, which encodes important virulence-associated TCS. Results To determine regulon Typhimurium, we performed DNA microarrays comparing wild type strain various preA and/or preB mutants...

Abstract Intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) regulates bicarbonate secretion, detoxifies lipopolysaccharide (LPS), gut microbes, and dephosphorylates proinflammatory nucleotides. IAP also exhibits anti-inflammatory effects in a Toll-like Receptor-4 (TLR-4) dependent manner. However, it is not known whether induces autophagy. We tested the hypothesis that may induce autophagy which mediate of IAP. found exogenous induced intestinal epithelial cells macrophages. TLR4INC34 (C34), TLR4...

, resident gut sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), are found to overgrow in diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease and Parkinson's disease. They activate a pro-inflammatory response, suggesting that

Abstract FcεRI on mast cells form a synapse when presented with mobile, bilayer-incorporated Ag. In this study, we show that receptor reorganization within the contacting cell membrane is markedly different upon binding of mobile and immobilized ligands. Rat basophilic leukemia primed fluorescent anti-DNP IgE were engaged by surfaces presenting either bilayer-incorporated, monovalent DNP-lipid (mobile ligand), or chemically cross-linked, multivalent DNP (immobilized ligand). Total internal...

Sulfate Reducing Bacteria (SRB), usually rare residents of the gut, are often found in increased numbers (called a SRB bloom) inflammatory conditions such as Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), pouchitis, and periodontitis. However, underlying mechanisms this association remain largely unknown. Notch signaling, conserved cell-cell communication pathway, is involved tissue development differentiation. Dysregulated signaling observed IBD. Lipolysaccharide pathogens also activate pathway...

Tight junctions (TJs) are essential components of intestinal barrier integrity and protect the epithelium against passive paracellular flux microbial translocation. Dysfunctional TJ leads to leaky gut, a condition associated with diseases including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria (SRB) minor residents gut. An increased number Desulfovibrio , most predominant SRB, is observed in IBD other However, it not known whether contributes We tested hypothesis that vulgaris...

Interactions between bacteriophages with mammalian immune cells are of great interest and most phages possess at least one molecular pattern (nucleic acid, sugar residue, or protein structure) that is recognizable to the system through pathogen associated (PAMP) receptors (i.e., TLRs). Given reside in same body niches as bacteria, they share propensity stimulate quench responses depending on nature their interactions host cells. While vitro research focuses outcomes direct application...

The PmrA/PmrB two-component system encoded by the pmrCAB operon regulates modification of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium lipopolysaccharide leading to polymyxin B resistance. PmrA and PhoP are only known activators pmrCAB. A transposon mutagenesis screen for additional regulators a pmrC::MudJ fusion led identification system, termed PreA/PreB (pmrCAB B), that controls transcription in response unknown signals. initial observations indicated insertions in, or deletion of, preB...

Kinesin biomolecular motors and quantum dots (QDs) are used to capture, transport, detect target protein analytes (see image). Nanoharvesters (QDs + kinesin antibodies) provide a novel means for performing microfluidic diagnostic assays that do not rely on mechanical pumping or electrokinetic flow of analytes. Detailed facts importance specialist readers published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents peer-reviewed, but copy-edited typeset. They made available submitted by the authors....

Biomolecular motors, such as kinesin, have been used to shuttle a range of biological and synthetic cargo in microfluidic architectures. A critical gap this technology is the ability controllably link macromolecular on microtubule (MT) shuttles without forming extraneous byproducts that may potentially limit their application. Here we present generalized approach for functionalizing MTs with antibodies which covalent bonds are formed between carbohydrate F(c) region polyclonal positively...

Synthetic interconnected lipid nanotube networks were fabricated on the millimeter scale based simple, cooperative interaction between phospholipid vesicles and kinesin–microtubule (MT) transport systems. More specifically, taxol-stabilized MTs, in constant 2D motion via surface absorbed kinesin, extracted extended from large Lα phase multilamellar liposomes (5–25 μm). Based properties of inverted motility geometry, total size these nanofluidic was limited by MT density, molecular motor...

Valorization of lignin has the potential to significantly improve economics lignocellulosic biorefineries. However, its complex structure makes conversion useful products elusive. One promising approach is depolymerization and subsequent bioconversion breakdown into value-added compounds. Optimizing transport these one or more organism(s) for biological important maximize carbon utilization minimize toxicity. Current methods assess internalization indirectly-for example, growth on, toxicity...

PURPOSE Cathepsin B (Cat B) is a cysteine lysosomal protease that upregulated in many inflammatory diseases and widely expressed the brain. Here, we used Cat activatable near-infrared (NIR) imaging probe to measure glial activation vivo formalin test, standard orofacial pain model. The probe's efficacy was quantified with immunohistochemical analysis of somatosensory cortex. PROCEDURES Three different concentrations (30, 50, 100 pmol/200 g bodyweight) were injected intracisternally into...