Previous research has suggested that visual short-term memory a fixed capacity of about four objects. However, we found varied substantially across the five stimulus classes examined, ranging from 1.6 for shaded cubes to 4.4 colors (estimated using change detection task). We also estimated information load per item in each class, search rate. The changes measured were almost exactly mirrored by opposite direction rate (r2=.992 between and reciprocal capacity). greater class (as indicated...

One of the major lessons memory research has been that human is fallible, imprecise, and subject to interference. Thus, although observers can remember thousands images, it widely assumed these memories lack detail. Contrary this assumption, here we show long-term capable storing a massive number objects with details from image. Participants viewed pictures 2,500 over course 5.5 h. Afterward, they were shown pairs images indicated which two had seen. The previously item could be paired...

Much of our interaction with the visual world requires us to isolate some currently important objects from other less objects. This task becomes more difficult when move, or field view moves relative world, requiring track these over space and time. Previous experiments have shown that observers can a maximum about 4 moving A natural explanation for this capacity limit is system architecturally limited handling fixed number at once, so-called magical on attention. In contrast view,...

Humans have a massive capacity to store detailed information in visual long-term memory. The present studies explored the fidelity of these memory representations and examined how conceptual perceptual features object categories support this capacity. Observers viewed 2,800 images with different number exemplars presented from each category. At test, observers indicated which 2 they had previously studied. Memory performance was high remained quite (82% accuracy) 16 category memory,...

Influential models of visual working memory treat each item to be stored as an independent unit and assume that there are no interactions between items. However, real-world displays have structure provides higher-order constraints on the items remembered. Even in case a display simple colored circles, observers can compute statistics, such mean circle size, obtain overall summary display. We examined influence ensemble statistic memory. report evidence remembered size individual is biased...

The representation of visual information inside the focus attention is more precise than outside attention. We found that system can compensate for cost withdrawing by pooling noisy local features and computing summary statistics. location an individual object a feature, whereas center mass several objects (centroid) feature representing mean location. Three experiments showed degraded positions centroid. It appears be represented at abstract level lacks detail, but nevertheless carries...

The ability to divide attention enables people keep track of up four independently moving objects. We now show that this tracking capacity is constrained in the left and right visual fields as if separate systems were engaged, one each field. Specifically, twice many targets can be successfully tracked when they are divided between hemifields all presented within same hemifield. This finding places broad constraints on anatomy mechanisms attentive tracking, ruling out a single attentional...

Observers can store thousands of object images in visual long-term memory with high fidelity, but the fidelity scene representations is not known. Here, we probed scene-representation by varying number studied exemplars different categories and testing using exemplar-level foils. viewed scenes over 5.5 hr then completed a series forced-choice tests. Memory performance was high, even up to 64 from same category memory. Moreover, there only 2% decrease accuracy for each doubling exemplars....

The information that individuals can hold in working memory is quite limited, but researchers have typically studied this capacity using simple objects or letter strings with no associations between them. However, the real world there are strong and regularities input. In an theoretic sense, introduce redundancies make input more compressible. current study shows observers take advantage of these redundancies, enabling them to remember items memory. 2 experiments, covariance was introduced...

Abstract The MemToolbox is a collection of MATLAB functions for modeling visual working memory. In support its goal to provide full suite data analysis tools, the toolbox includes implementations popular models memory, real and simulated sets, Bayesian maximum likelihood estimation procedures fitting data, visualizations fit, validation routines, model comparison metrics, experiment scripts. released under permissive BSD license available at http://memtoolbox.org.

Visual working memory is the cognitive system that holds visual information active to make it resistant interference from new perceptual input. Information about simple stimuli-colors and orientations-is encoded into rapidly: In under 100 ms, ‟fills up," revealing a stark capacity limit. However, for real-world objects, same behavioral limits do not hold: With increasing encoding time, people store more objects so with detail. This boost in performance generally assumed reflect use of...

The world is composed of features and objects this structure may influence what stored in working memory. It widely believed that the content memory object-based: Memory stores integrated objects, not independent features. We asked participants to report color orientation an object found errors were largely independent: Even when one object's was entirely forgotten, other feature often reported. This finding contradicts object-based models challenges fundamental assumptions about...

Visual long-term memory can store thousands of objects with surprising visual detail, but just how detailed are these representations, and one quantify this fidelity? Using the property color as a case study, we estimated precision information in memory, compared same working memory. Observers were shown real-world random colors asked to recall after delay. We quantified two parameters performance: variability internal representations (fidelity) probability forgetting an object’s altogether....

Fluid intelligence is important for successful functioning in the modern world, but much evidence suggests that fluid largely immutable after childhood. Recently, however, researchers have reported gains multiple sessions of adaptive working memory training adults. The current study attempted to replicate and expand those results by administering a broad assessment cognitive abilities personality traits young adults who underwent 20 an dual n-back program comparing their post-training...

Abstract Anterior regions of the ventral visual stream encode substantial information about object categories. Are top-down category-level forces critical for arriving at this representation, or can representation be formed purely through domain-general learning natural image structure? Here we present a fully self-supervised model which learns to represent individual images, rather than categories, such that views same are embedded nearby in low-dimensional feature space, distinctly from...

There is a great deal of structural regularity in the natural environment, and such regularities confer an opportunity to form compressed, efficient representations. Although this concept has been extensively studied within domain low-level sensory coding, there limited focus on coding field visual attention. Here we show that spatial patterns orientation information ("spatial ensemble statistics") can be efficiently encoded under conditions reduced In our task, observers monitored for...

The muscles that control the pupil are richly innervated by autonomic nervous system. While there central pathways drive dilations in relation to arousal, is no anatomical evidence cortical centers involved with visual selective attention innervate pupil. In this study, we show such connections must exist. Specifically, demonstrate a novel Pupil Frequency Tagging (PFT) method, where oscillatory changes stimulus brightness over time mirrored constrictions and dilations. We find...

Ensemble perception, including the ability to "see average" from a group of items, operates in numerous feature domains (size, orientation, speed, facial expression, etc.). Although ubiquity ensemble representations is well established, large-scale cognitive architecture this process remains poorly defined. We address using an individual differences approach. In series experiments, observers saw groups objects and reported either single item or average entire group. High-level (e.g.,...