A5028132575- Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
- Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Isotope Analysis in Ecology
- Archaeology and ancient environmental studies
- Pacific and Southeast Asian Studies
- Soil erosion and sediment transport
- Climate change and permafrost
- Peatlands and Wetlands Ecology
- Soil and Unsaturated Flow
- Geological and Geochemical Analysis
- Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
- Rangeland and Wildlife Management
- Groundwater flow and contamination studies
- Coal and Its By-products
- Advanced Aircraft Design and Technologies
- Fire effects on ecosystems
- Forest Ecology and Biodiversity Studies
- Topic Modeling
- Landslides and related hazards
- Groundwater and Isotope Geochemistry
- Soil Geostatistics and Mapping
- Lichen and fungal ecology
- Aerospace and Aviation Technology
- Water Quality and Resources Studies
- Speech and dialogue systems
Montana State University
2013-2020
James Madison University
2010-2013
Arizona State University
2009-2012
University of California, Santa Barbara
2004-2007
University of Auckland
2004
University of California, Berkeley
2004
University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa
2004
Berkeley Geochronology Center
2004
Stanford University
2004
United States Geological Survey
2004
In this work, we develop and release Llama 2, a collection of pretrained fine-tuned large language models (LLMs) ranging in scale from 7 billion to 70 parameters. Our LLMs, called 2-Chat, are optimized for dialogue use cases. outperform open-source chat on most benchmarks tested, based our human evaluations helpfulness safety, may be suitable substitute closed-source models. We provide detailed description approach fine-tuning safety improvements 2-Chat order enable the community build work...
Information overload is a major obstacle to scientific progress. The explosive growth in literature and data has made it ever harder discover useful insights large mass of information. Today knowledge accessed through search engines, but they are unable organize alone. In this paper we introduce Galactica: language model that can store, combine reason about knowledge. We train on corpus papers, reference material, bases many other sources. outperform existing models range tasks. On technical...
Abstract Critical Zone (CZ) research investigates the chemical, physical, and biological processes that modulate Earth’s surface. Here, we advance 12 hypotheses must be tested to improve our understanding of CZ: (1) Solar‐to‐chemical conversion energy by plants regulates flows carbon, water, nutrients through plant‐microbe soil networks, thereby controlling location extent weathering. (2) Biological stoichiometry drives changes in mineral distribution (3) On landscapes experiencing little...
Before European contact, Hawai'i supported large human populations in complex societies that were based on multiple pathways of intensive agriculture. We show soils within a long-abandoned 60-square-kilometer dryland agricultural are substantially richer bases and phosphorus than those just outside it, this enrichment predated the establishment Climate soil fertility combined to constrain systems they well-defined portions younger islands Hawaiian archipelago; older irrigated wetland Similar...
A number of scientists have named our age the Anthropocene because humanity is globally affecting Earth systems, including soil. Global soil change raises important questions about future soil, environment, and human society. Although many strive to understand forcings as integral genesis, there remains an explicit need for a science anthropedology detail how fully fledged soil-forming factor affects well being. The development maturation critical achieving land-use sustainability needs be...
Beginning ca. A.D. 1400, Polynesian farmers established permanent settlements along the arid southern flank of Haleakala Volcano, Maui, Hawaiian Islands; peak population density (43-57 persons per km 2 ) was achieved by 1700-1800, and it followed devastating effects European contact. This settlement, based on dryland agriculture with sweet potato as a main crop, is represented >3,000 archaeological features investigated to date. Geological environmental factors are most important...
Creosote‐bush [ Larrea tridentata (Sessé & Moc. ex DC.) Coville] shrubs in California's Mojave Desert support well‐developed soil resource islands, where individual define areas of elevated nutrients, water‐holding capacity, and microbial activity. To better understand the spatial variability communities potential impacts on nutrient cycling shrub ecosystems, we examined using polar lipid fatty acids (PLFA) several properties including δ 15 N, DNA, C N contents under mature as a function...
Polynesians settled and farmed the leeward, relatively arid slopes of Haleakala Volcano beginning about ad 1400. Archaeological investigations at two sites revealed dense concentrations conical impressions in a subsurface 20cm cinder layer that was previously undisturbed, interpreted as resulting from cultivation practices involving digging sticks. Ethnographic accounts Hawaiian sweet potato dryland taro techniques provide details on use such By puncturing this layer, farmers created loamy...
We investigated the fate of soil nutrients after centuries indigenous dryland agriculture in Hawai'i using a coupled geochemical and archaeological approach. Beginning approximately 500 years ago, farmers began growing taro sweet potato on leeward slopes East Maui. Their digging sticks pierced subsurface layer cinders, enhancing crop access to water stored below intact cinders. Cultivation also catalyzed nutrient losses, directly by facilitating leaching mobile disturbing stratigraphic...
High‐latitude warming could cause northern peatlands to become C sources. Where border boreal forests, strong differences in ecosystem balances reflect drainage differences. Because local conditions be influenced by alterations temperature and precipitation regimes, peatland‐forest ecotones represent useful locations for monitoring potential impacts of global warming. We characterized the soils, hydrology, forest structure along transects bracketing a ecotone southeastern Alaska. expected...
Abstract Wind erosion is a major problem for modern farmers, key variable affecting nutrient levels in ecosystems, and potentially force impacting archaeological site formation; however, it has received scant consideration geoarchaeological studies of agricultural development compared with more easily quantifiable environmental costs, such as vegetation change or fluvial erosion. In this study, soil analysis used the Kalaupapa field system, Moloka'i Island, Hawai'i, to detect an increase...
Prehistoric farmers in arid and semiarid ecosystems commonly used rock alignments to concentrate water sediments on their fields. Previous research has emphasized the importance of runoff from organic matter‐rich uplands as a mechanism for soil nutrient replenishment. However, eolian inputs these dryland might also contribute substantially mineral‐derived pools. We explored relative deposition, prehistoric agriculture, presence properties grassland Arizona. Subsurface soils behind natural...
Neural network NLP models are vulnerable to small modifications of the input that maintain original meaning but result in a different prediction. In this paper, we focus on robustness text classification against word substitutions, aiming provide guarantees model prediction does not change if is replaced with plausible alternative, such as synonym. As measure robustness, adopt notion maximal safe radius for given text, which minimum distance embedding space decision boundary. Since computing...
IT has been found by model tests that the lift of a combination an aeroplane body and wing is not in general equal to sum lifts two components when tested separately. This difference broadly referred as interference effect. It dependent on number factors which can be generalised into three groups:—