Photorefractive polymers with high diffraction efficiency in the visible and near-infrared regions of electromagnetic spectrum have been developed. These polymers, which a large dynamic range because their orientational birefringence, incorporate dye designed to dipole moment linear polarizability anisotropy. Such enabled demonstrations imaging through scattering media, using holographic time-gating technique at wavelength that is compatible transparency biological tissues emission low-cost...

The authors report on a hybrid cross-linked electro-optic (EO) polymer/sol-gel Mach-Zehnder waveguide modulator with half wave voltage (Vπ) of 0.65V at 1550nm. low Vπ was achieved by design that (1) combines both physical vertical tapers in the sol-gel core and photobleached index EO polymer (2) reduces thickness device to 8μm. These combined result improved optical mode confinement adiabatic transition loss. reduced results larger field across for same voltage, enabling lower Vπ.

We investigated the electrical properties and optical quality of two layers a titanium dioxide (TiO₂) selective layer sol-gel silica cladding for use as coating nonlinear optic (NLO) polymers in electro-optic (EO) polymer/TiO₂ multilayer slot waveguide modulators. used simple ellipsometric reflective technique developed by Teng Man to measure coefficients poled thin films an EO polymer device. The Pockels coefficient was enhanced up 226 198 pm/V at wavelengths 1.31 1.55 μm, respectively,...

We report an all-dielectric electro-optic (EO) polymer/TiO2 multilayer slot waveguide modulator with low optical insertion loss for high-speed operations. The EO polymer is sandwiched between thin TiO2 films to improve mode confinement in the polymer. structure increased and layers reduced electrode distance Au electrodes without introducing from metal electrodes. half-wave voltage of was 6.5 V a 5-mm-long at wavelength 1550 nm. length product 3.25 V·cm.

We report electro-optic (EO) switches using transversely tapered hybrid EO/sol-gel waveguide directional couplers. The length of the active region critically reduces to 1.5 mm with transverse tapers, which is shorter by a factor 5 than vertical tapers. transitions are performed from sol-gel core two EO polymer cores gradual index changes gray-scaled photobleaching. device shows lowest switching voltage and an product (VsLa) 2.9 V cm guest–host AJLS102, compared modulators taper higher coefficients.

Ultraefficient poling of electro-optic polymers is reported using an organically modified sol-gel cladding layer. This technique has resulted in a Pockel’s coefficient enhancement up to factor 2.5, going from 26pm∕V when poled without 65pm∕V optimally with cladding. The process directly applies previously hybrid polymer/sol-gel waveguide modulator and may have applications other polymer based devices.

The authors report on hybrid electro-optic (EO) polymer–sol-gel modulators with low half-wave voltage (Vπ) and insertion loss. Larger EO coefficient r33 results from the high poling field achieved when polymer is sandwiched between sol-gel cladding layers. reduced interelectrode distance (d) resulting elimination of core layer in active region further reduces Vπ. Straight channel phase operate Vπ=4.2V at 1550nm using a d 11.5μm, which corresponds to an 78pm∕V, among highest reported. also...

An approach to utilizing electro-optically (EO) active polymers in hybrid waveguide structures is described and demonstrated. Buried sol-gel waveguides provide a robust basis for planar integrated circuitry, suitable coupling with optical fibers. By selectively exposing the core of buried channel guide, overcoating an EO polymer, using appropriately tapered transition zones, guided mode can be made undergo adiabatic transitions from up into polymer back. Such single-mode device was...

The highest electro-optic (EO) coefficient to date is achieved in short polymeric directional coupler switches based on hybrid EO polymer/sol-gel silica waveguides. Optimized poling conditions such waveguides give a in-device of 160 pm/V at 1550 nm using highly efficient and photostable guest–host polymer SEO100. Adiabatic waveguide transitions from the passive sol-gel core active cores surrounding are shown with coplanar tapered structure. Switching voltages 8.4 10.5 V for electrodes that...

We demonstrate that the electro-optic (EO) modulation response linearly decreases (dB scale) with respect to modulating frequency, an extremely small drop of less than 2 dB, up a limit 67 GHz, as measured by optical component analyzer. The bandwidth EO is wider GHz and was extrapolated 120 GHz. This study demonstrates new optimized broadband modulator low half-wave voltage loss. dielectric constant each material in accurately comparing electrical transmission reflection parameters for radio...

We report the enhanced conductivity of sol-gel silica under-cladding for efficient poling electro-optic (EO) polymer in a hybrid EO polymer/TiO2 vertical slot waveguide modulator. The electrical volume cladding increases approximately 30 times when calcining time layer is critically reduced to 45 minutes, which in-device coefficient 600-nm-thick film modulators and reduces lower halfwave voltage (Vπ) modulators. lowest driving TiO2 modulator 2.0 V an electrode length (Le) 10 mm wavelength...

We analyze the advantages of an electro-optic (EO) polymer/TiO2 vertical slot waveguide modulator based on a low-index EO polymer (SEO125). This can realize lower half-wave voltage (Vπ)-electrode length (Le) product (VπLe) when compared with hybrid (EOP)/sol–gel silica modulators because high mode confinement guided light and poling efficiency. show enhancement efficiency in these devices polymers are poled TiO2 sol–gel layers. also enhance coefficient to level 260 pm/V at wavelength 1.31 μm...

We show results of a proposed hybrid modulator structure that reduces both the optical loss and half wave voltage (Vπ). A sol-gel waveguide core transversely sandwiched between two Mach–Zehnder arms electro-optic (EO) polymer cores enables an adiabatic transverse transition EO without need for Y branches. The undercladding thickness is reduced to 3.7μm with negligible further from bottom electrode. modulation Vπ 1.8V at 1550nm demonstrated using guest-host polymer, insertion 13.7dB in magnetic mode.

We report on a poling process of soda-lime glasses that reduces their surface conductivity by five orders magnitude. show this enables the in-plane high Tg (180 °C) electro-optic (EO) polymers coated ion-exchanged channel waveguides fabricated in for hybrid modulators.

A simple all-wet-etch process fabricates a hybrid electro-optic-polymer (EOP)/sol–gel waveguide modulator, confining the EOP laterally in sol–gel overcladding. The structure enables an adiabatic transition between passive waveguides and active overlayers without lateral radiation. Intensity is confined well 0.9-μm-thick overlayer, resulting low half-wave voltage (Vπ) due to larger overlap integral. This confinement technique allowed reduction of Vπ (at 1550 nm) by factor 4.

Grayscale lithography has been used to create refractive index (RI) tapers in an electrooptic (EO) polymer modulator. These RI are convert a passive single-mode photobleached waveguide the fundamental mode of unbleached, active multimode waveguide. The benefits this modulator design include coupling loss reduction 2.6 dB per interface and increased confinement factor 0.83. Using design, EO was fabricated with half-wave voltage 1.9 V, modulation extinction ratio 15 dB, fiber lens insertion 11.6 dB.

An intensity modulation using a hybrid electrooptic (EO) polymer/sol-gel straight channel waveguide, useful in the 1550-nm wavelength regime is demonstrated without Mach-Zehnder interferometric waveguide. The sol-gel waveguide selectively buried so that vertical transition into and out of an EO polymer coated on arranged. throughput ratio for transverse electric (TE) magnetic (TM) modes light coupled improved up to 0.9 dB with help reduced birefringence after corona poling. We show...

We report the efficient poling of an electro-optic (EO) polymer in a hybrid TiO(2)/electro-optic multilayer waveguide modulator on mesoporous sol-gel silica cladding. The has nanometer-sized pores and low refractive index 1.24, which improves mode confinement 400-nm-thick EO film modulators prevents optical absorption from lower Au electrode, thereby resulting half-wave voltage modulators. (Vπ) fabricated cladding is 6.0 V for electrode length (Le) 5 mm at wavelength 1550 nm (VπLe product...

There has been great progress in the development of electro-optic (EO) polymers with exceptionally high r 33 coefficients, values ranging from 100–400 pm/V now being reported for single layer polymer films. While this enables fabrication EO modulators sub-volt operation, it is also necessary to make devices acceptably low insertion loss (< 6 dB) order compete existing technology. We have developed a solution voltage/insertion tradeoff by adopting hybrid geometry that provides optical...

In this letter, the authors report real-time detection of an organophosphorus compound using a sol–gel silica planar waveguide doped with green fluorescent protein and hydrolase on yeast-cell surface display. The was pumped at 488 nm, it emitted fluorescence far field. light 550 nm changed by 50% from original power 1 min after application compound. results enable sarin other biochemicals in-line fiber sensor network.

We report the optical transmission stability of polymeric electrooptic (EO) modulators with hybrid sol-gel silica/EO polymer waveguides. Waveguide transitions between passive silica core and active EO are performed gradual refractive index changes using gray-scaled photobleaching a tapered structure; these adiabatic. The three-dimensional beam propagation method showed stable waveguiding in waveguide as long is higher than that core. for an input power 30 mW at wavelength 1550 nm does not...

The authors report in-line detection of green fluorescent light from planar waveguide biosensors made sol-gel silica and doped with protein (GFP). GFP is immobilized on the surface polystyrene microbeads. Green fluorescence, a center wavelength 509nm, observed for an excitation pump laser power 3mW at 488nm wavelength. in shows visible fluorescence 30days after fabrication. A citrate buffer (56mM, pH 4.0) reduced output. These results enable development real-time, in-line, remote fiber...