Many environmental stimuli present a quasi-rhythmic structure at different timescales that the brain needs to decompose and integrate. Cortical oscillations have been proposed as instruments of sensory de-multiplexing, i.e., parallel processing frequency streams in signals. Yet their causal role such process has never demonstrated. Here, we used neural microcircuit model address whether coupled theta-gamma oscillations, observed human auditory cortex, could underpin multiscale analysis...

BackgroundBetween roughly 500 BCE and 300 BCE, three distinct regions, the Yangtze Yellow River Valleys, Eastern Mediterranean, Ganges Valley, saw emergence of highly similar religious traditions with an unprecedented emphasis on self-discipline asceticism "otherworldly," often moralizing, doctrines, including Buddhism, Jainism, Brahmanism, Daoism, Second Temple Judaism, Stoicism, later offshoots, such as Christianity, Manichaeism, Islam. This cultural convergence, called "Axial Age,"...

Measuring the cognitive and neural sequelae of switching between tasks permits a window into flexible functioning executive control system. Prolonged reaction times (RTs) after task switches are accompanied by increases in brain activity anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) dorsolateral prefrontal (dlPFC), but contribution made these regions to level remains controversial. Here, subjects performed hybrid spatial Stroop/task-switching paradigm, requiring them respond with joystick movement...

Perceptual decisions are based on sensory information but can also be influenced by expectations built from recent experiences. Can the impact of flexibly modulated outcome previous decisions? Here, rats perform an auditory task where probability to repeat stimulus category is varied in trial-blocks. All capitalize these sequence correlations exploiting a transition bias: tendency or alternate their response using internal estimate repeating probability. Surprisingly, this bias null after...

The late 2019 COVID-19 outbreak has put the health systems of many countries to limit their capacity. most affected European are, so far, Italy and Spain. In both (and others), authorities decreed a lockdown, with local specificities. objective this work is evaluate impact measures undertaken in Spain deal pandemic.We estimated number cases lockdown on reproducibility based hospitalization reports up April 15th 2020.The shows sharp increase until followed by slowing down then decrease after...

Making informed decisions in noisy environments requires integrating sensory information over time. However, recent work has suggested that it may be difficult to determine whether an animal's decision-making strategy relies on evidence integration or not. In particular, strategies based extrema-detection random snapshots of the stream even impossible distinguish from classic integration. Moreover, such non-integration might surprisingly common experiments aimed study To temporal is central...

Cross-frequency coupling between neural oscillations has received increased attention over the last decade, as it is believed to underlie a number of cognitive operations in different brain systems. Coupling can take forms associates phase, frequency and/or amplitude coupled oscillations. These specific are signature for underlying network physiology and probably relate distinct functions. Here I discuss three caveats data analysis that lead mistake one form cross-frequency another: 1,...

The 'Axial Age' (500-300 BCE) refers to the period during which most of main religious and spiritual traditions emerged in Eurasian societies. Although Axial Age has recently been focus increasing interest,(1-5) its existence is still very much dispute. reason for questioning that nature, as well spatial temporal boundaries, remain unclear. standard approach defines it a change cognitive style, from narrative analogical style more analytical reflective probably due use external memory tools....

Abstract Standard models of perceptual decision-making postulate that a response is triggered in reaction to stimulus presentation when the accumulated evidence reaches decision threshold. This framework excludes however possibility informed responses are generated proactively at time independent stimulus. Here, we find that, free auditory task rats, reactive and proactive coexist, suggesting choice selection motor initiation, commonly viewed as serial processes, decoupled general. We...

The frontopolar cortex (FPC), the most anterior part of lateral prefrontal corresponding to Brodmann area 10, is involved in human high-order cognition, including reasoning, problem-solving and multitasking. Its specific contribution executive function, however, remains unclear. A neurocomputational model suggests that FPC implements a basic process referred as cognitive branching maintains task pending state during execution another, enables revert back it upon completion ongoing one....

Abstract Objective The late 2019 Covid-19 disease outbreak has put the health systems of many countries to limit their capacity. most affected European are, so far, Italy and Spain. In both (and others), authorities decreed a lockdown, with local specificities. objective this work is evaluate impact measures undertaken in Spain deal pandemic. Method We estimated number cases lockdown on reproducibility based hospitalization reports up April 15th 2020. Results shows sharp increase until...

Speech coding is a field in which compression paradigms have not changed the last 30 years. signals are most commonly encoded with methods that roots linear predictive theory dating back to early 1940s. This article bridges this influential recent cognitive studies applicable speech communication engineering. It reviews mechanisms of perception led perceptual coding. The focus on human and machine learning application processing presents paradigm shift from (auditory) toward (auditory plus...

Possible options in a decision often organize as hierarchy of subdecisions. A recent study concluded that perceptual processes primates mimic this hierarchical structure and perform subdecisions parallel. We argue flat model directly selects between final choices accounts more parsimoniously for the reported behavioral neural data. Critically, is characterized by signals integrating evidence at different levels, agreement with recordings showing integration localized populations. Our results...

Our immediate observations must be supplemented with contextual information to resolve ambiguities. However, the context is often ambiguous too, and thus it should inferred itself guide behavior. Here, we introduce a novel hierarchical task (airplane task) in which participants infer higher-level, variable inform probabilistic inference about hidden dependent at lower level. By controlling reliability of past sensory evidence through varying sample size observations, find that humans...

In this paper, we study the dynamics of a quadratic integrate-and-fire neuron, spiking in gamma (30-100 Hz) range, coupled to delta/theta frequency (1-8 neural oscillator. Using analytical and semianalytical methods, were able derive characteristic times for system two distinct regimes (depending on parameter values): one regime where neuron is intrinsically oscillating absence theta input, second which directly gated by i.e., windows activity alternate with silence periods depending...

Syllables are considered as basic supra-segmental units, used mainly in prosodic modelling.It has long been thought that efficient syllabification algorithms may also provide valuable cues for improved segmental (acoustic) modelling.However, the best current methods work offline, considering power envelope of whole utterance.In this paper we introduce a new method detection syllable boundaries based on model speech parsing into syllables by neural oscillations human auditory cortex.Neural...

ABSTRACT Perceptual decisions are not only determined by current sensory information but also influenced expectations based on recent experiences. Can the impact of these be flexibly modulated outcome previous decisions? We trained rats in several two-alternative forced choice auditory tasks, where probability to repeat stimulus category was varied blocks trials. All capitalized serial correlations sequence consistently exploiting a transition bias: tendency or alternate their response using...

Abstract Acting in the natural world requires not only deciding among multiple options but also converting decisions into motor commands. How dynamics of decision formation influence fine kinematics response movement remains, however, poorly understood. Here we investigate how accumulation evidence shapes orienting trajectories a task where freely-moving rats combine prior expectations and auditory information to select between two possible options. Response their vigor are initially...