Pearl millet is better adapted to hot and semi-arid conditions than most other major cereals. The objective of this study was compare the deep water uptake ability use efficiency (WUE) pearl among species. First, WUE six species evaluated in pots under waterlogging, well-watered (control), drought conditions. Secondly, from soil layers by barnyard millet, which showed highest waterlogging tolerance, respectively, compared long tubes consisted three parts (two loose separated a hardpan...

The use of coffee grounds in crop fields were evaluated terms growth enhancement, soil improvement, and weed control during four successive cropping seasons for two years. Six summer three winter green manure crops grown from June 2009 to May 2011. In the first season, all was significantly inhibited by application 10 kg m–2 grounds. However, inhibitory effects spontaneously diminished after second season (about 12 months later), guinea grass, sorghum sunflower about 2-fold higher than that...

• Background and Aims The impedance to root growth imposed by soil can be decreased both mucilage secretion the sloughing of border cells from cap. aim this study is quantify contribution these two factors for maize in compact soil.

Recently, the occurrences of extreme flooding and drought, often in same areas, have increased due to climate change. Wetland plant species are known oxygenate their rhizospheres by releasing oxygen (O2) from roots. We tested hypothesis that wetland could help upland under flood conditions; is, O2 released crop roots would ameliorate rhizosphere O2-deficient stress hence facilitate root function. Flooding tolerance upland-adapted staple crops—pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) sorghum...

The root cap assists the passage of through soil by means its slimy mucilage secretion and sloughing outer cells. penetration resistance decapped primary roots maize (Zea mays L. cv. Mephisto) was compared with that intact in loose (dry bulk density 1.0 g cm-3; 0.06 MPa) compact (1.4 MPa), to evaluate contribution decreasing impedance growth. Root elongation rate diameter were same for when plants grown soil. In compacted soil, however, only about half roots, whilst 30% larger. resistances...

Soil compaction often creates combined physical stresses of drought, anaerobiosis, and mechanical impedance in field soil. This paper aims to analyze the effect independent soil on crop root growth find out species-specific response stresses, which has not been reported before. Drying stress without increase was evaluated a very loose pot environment. drying did modify elongation rates rice pea by 48 h exposure For maize cotton, however, mild (−80 kPa Ψw) enhanced 17-18%, but severe (−900...

Comparison of the root system structures four cereal species as affected by soil compaction was conducted morphometrically. Plants were grown under two different bulk densities 1.33g/cm3 (control)and 1.50g/cm3 (compact) for weeks in box, and measurements made on number, length diameter all roots from every component system. Promoted or less restricted growth recognized mean number higher order laterals compact treatments. The increased occurrence L-type lateral treatment contributed to...

The root cap (RC) is a multilayered dome of spindle-shaped parenchyma cells that overlies the growing tip. It present in roots almost all crop species. This paper briefly reviews some topics on structure and function RC major species such as maize rice. Special attention placed its contribution to system formation, is, elongation growth direction axile roots. produced meristem are pushed forward new form beneath them, eventually periphery fall off. life cycle has been studied extensively...

The growth directions and elongation rates of axile roots that compose the framework an upland rice root system are quite varied. objective this study was to elucidate direction relative their diameter structural characteristics caps. relationships photosynthate translocation either or rate were also examined using a stable isotope 13G. significantly correlated with diameter. relatively large tended elongate vertically in vegetative stage, though regression coefficients varied according...

Intercropping pearl millet with cowpea is a common practice in semiarid areas. Under limited water environments, competition for soil between intercropped plants may be strong. Furthermore, the increasing compaction problems, due to use of heavy machinery, intensify resources, particularly topsoil. Two field trials were conducted evaluate ability when subjected drought and during 2004 Japanese summer. For this purpose plant sources determined by hydrogen stable isotope (deuterium) technique....

Crack fertilization is a soybean cultivation technique for nodulation control in which midterm subsoiling used to supply fertilizing materials deep soil just before the flowering stage. This study examined effects of and continuous application control, on yield enhancement two field experiments. The survival nodule bacteria was also evaluated by bioassay root box. When biochar were continuously applied without any other chemical fertilizers three successive years, seed weight significantly...

• To assess the influence of mechanical impedance on cell fluxes in root cap, maize (Zea mays) seedlings were grown either loose or compacted sand with penetration resistances 0.2 MPa and 3.8 MPa, respectively. Numbers cap cells estimated using image analysis, doubling times colchicine technique. There 5930 caps compact 6900 control after 24 h growth sand. Cell production rates 2010 d−1 1570 These numbers represent accumulations 4960 3540 detached around periphery following two types...

Deep rooting of wheat has been suggested that it influences the tolerance to various environmental stresses. In this study, nodes from which deepest penetrated roots had emerged were examined in winter wheat. The was grown long tubes with or without mechanical stress and large root boxes. length growth angle each axile analyze difference vertical distribution between two cultivars, one a deep shallow system. Shiroganekomugi, Japanese cultivar system, depths seminal nodal decreased as...

Deep root penetration, which allows access to deep soil water and hydraulic lift, may help plants overcome drought stress. The aim of this study was evaluate the ability sixteen food crop species take up from layers extent lift by use deuterated water. Plants were grown in pots consisting two loose separated a hardpan Vaseline layer. lower (deep) always kept wet (32%; ψ = –5 kPa), while moisture upper (topsoil) ones adjusted 25% (ψ –7 kPa) 12% –120 well-watered treatments, respectively....

We introduced subsoiling to a field of wheat-soybean rotation where no-tillage practice had been conducted for five years and whose yield tended decrease or stagnate. By half each plot just before wheat sowing, treatments tillage/no-tillage × subsoiling/no-subsoiling were established. Root distribution, shoot growth, water uptake both crops examined elucidate whether the improves productivity such as biomass through modification root system development, how differ effects between tilled...

Flash floods, erratically striking semi-arid regions, often cause field flooding and soil anoxia, resulting in crop losses on food staples, typically pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). Recent glasshouse studies have indicated that rice (Oryza spp.) can enhance flood stress tolerance of co-growing dryland cereals by modifying their rhizosphere microenvironments via the oxygen released from its roots into aqueous rhizosphere. We tested whether this...

Deep penetration of an axile root is one the important factors that allow crops to form deep systems. In this study, nodes from which deepest penetrated roots had emerged were examined at heading stage in upland rice and maize grown large boxes field. Both experiments designed measure direction, length, rooting each root. maize, growth angles increased with vertical elongation as acropetally advanced. The lower nodes, namely coleoptilar second node, exhibited conspicuously horizontal field,...

To elucidate the effect of no-tillage practice on root system development and productivity in a wheat-soybean rotation Japan, we continuously cultivated these crops under tilled non-tilled field conditions compared growth yield for three years. Effect presence or absence tillage was evaluated by quantitative analysis systems obtained core sampling method. The total shoot biomass wheat were significantly higher than first second seasons, whereas, they third season. On other hand, no...

Effects of soil mechanical impedance on the development Golgi apparatus in root cap cells maize were studied under controlled soil-water conditions Heavily compacted (bulk density = 1.50 g cm−2) had 3.3 to 3.4 times greater than control 1.33 cm−3), but their oxygen diffusion rates not significantly different The number dictyosomes and area secretory vesicles per unit tangentially sub-peripheral heavily increased compared those These results suggest that activity is promoted by

No-tillage often affects crop root development due to the higher mechanical impedance elongation, resulting in yield reduction under an unfavorable rainfall pattern, such as drought. In this study, we analyzed changes water source of wheat and soybean drought stress a continuous no-tillage field. Deuterium-labeled irrigation was applied at different growth stages crops analyze their uptake pattern. Mechanical surface soil 3.5 4.4 times than conventional tillage wet conditions, respectively....